Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Structural Insights into the Interaction of Bisphenol F (BPF) and Bisphenol S (BPS) with Estrogen Receptors for Endocrine Safety Assessment

Researchers used induced fit docking to model the binding of BPA substitutes bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) to estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ, finding that while both analogues fit the ligand-binding pockets and share interaction similarities with estradiol, their predicted binding affinities were substantially lower than the native ligands, though the authors caution that these computational results do not establish endocrine potency or safety.

2026 Toxics
Article Tier 2

Bisphenol Analogs in Aquatic Environments and Their Effects on Marine Species—A Review

This review summarized concentrations of bisphenol A analogs found across aquatic environments globally and assessed their toxic effects on marine species, finding that many BPA substitutes show similar endocrine-disrupting, oxidative, and genotoxic activity to the compound they replaced. The findings raise concerns that current BPA alternatives may not represent a meaningful safety improvement for aquatic ecosystems.

2022 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 53 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of endocrine-disrupting activities of alternative chemicals for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Researchers assessed the endocrine-disrupting potential of alternative plasticizers used to replace the commonly restricted DEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), finding that several substitutes also displayed hormonal activity. The results raise concerns that some replacement plasticizers used in consumer plastics may carry similar health risks as the chemicals they were designed to replace.

2019 Environmental Research 61 citations
Article Tier 2

Bisphenolic compounds alter gene expression in MCF-7 cells through interaction with estrogen receptor α

Researchers used RNA sequencing and molecular binding assays to show that bisphenol A and three structural analogs (BPB, BPZ, 4MeBPA) released from plastics activate estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer cells, upregulating genes associated with cancer cell growth, invasion, and proliferation — providing evidence that BPA substitutes share similar endocrine-disrupting potential.

2020 Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 30 citations
Article Tier 2

BPS and BPF are as Carcinogenic as BPA and are Not Viable Alternatives for its Replacement.

This review presents evidence that BPS and BPF — chemicals used as 'BPA-free' replacements in plastics — have similar cancer-promoting and endocrine-disrupting properties to BPA itself. The substitution of one hormone-disrupting plastic chemical with nearly identical alternatives means consumers are not actually avoiding the health risks they are trying to escape.

2022 Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets
Article Tier 2

Bisphenol A-an Overview on its Effect on Health and Environment

This review synthesized evidence on bisphenol A (BPA) — a chemical used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins — covering its sources of human exposure, endocrine-disrupting mechanisms, and associations with metabolic, reproductive, and developmental health outcomes.

2021 Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Bisphenols—A Threat to the Natural Environment

This review examines the environmental and health threats posed by bisphenol A (BPA) and its replacements, bisphenol F and bisphenol S, which were introduced as safer alternatives. However, because these substitutes have similar chemical structures to BPA, they may pose comparable risks to human health and the environment, including hormone disruption. The study is relevant to microplastics research because bisphenols are common additives in plastics that can leach out as plastics break down into microparticles.

2023 Materials 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects and risk assessment of halogenated bisphenol A derivatives on human follicle stimulating hormone receptor: An interdisciplinary study

Researchers found that halogenated derivatives of bisphenol A (BPA) — chemicals produced during water disinfection or used as flame retardants — can bind to and suppress a key reproductive hormone receptor (FSHR) at concentrations as low as 10 nanomolar. Comparing lab results with real-world human urine data suggests people may already be exposed to levels that could interfere with normal reproductive hormone signaling.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of BPA analogues and their mixture in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum

Researchers exposed clams to three common bisphenol A substitutes (BPAF, BPF, and BPS) at environmentally relevant concentrations to evaluate whether these replacement chemicals are truly safer. The study found that all three BPA analogues caused oxidative stress, cellular damage, and neurotoxic effects in clam tissues, suggesting that these widely used substitutes may pose similar ecological risks as the compound they were designed to replace.

2023 Marine Environmental Research 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Bisphenol A and its analogues in outdoor and indoor air: Properties, sources and global levels

This review covers the presence of bisphenol A (BPA), a hormone-disrupting chemical used in plastic manufacturing, in indoor and outdoor air worldwide. BPA exposure through air and dust is a concern because it can interfere with hormones even at low levels, potentially affecting fertility, development, and metabolism. The review is relevant to microplastics because BPA is a common plastic additive that can leach from microplastic particles, adding to human exposure through multiple routes.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 265 citations
Article Tier 2

Application of terpenoids for the remediation of environmental water polluted with bisphenol A and its analogs using an in silico approach

Researchers used computational modeling to evaluate whether terpenoids, natural compounds found in plants, could help remediate water contaminated with bisphenol A and related chemicals that leach from plastics. The in silico approach assessed the binding interactions between terpenoids and these endocrine-disrupting compounds. The study suggests that plant-derived terpenoids may offer a promising natural strategy for addressing plastic-related chemical pollution in water systems.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 3 citations
Review Tier 2

Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies—a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023

This review tracks the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and similar hormone-disrupting chemicals in food and beverages across Europe from 2018 to 2024. While BPA remains the most commonly detected compound, its substitutes (like BPS and BPF) are increasingly found in food packaging and canned goods. These chemicals mimic estrogen in the body and have been linked to reproductive, metabolic, and developmental health concerns.

2024 Archives of Toxicology 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Computational evidence for differential endocrine disruption by DEHP and PET via estrogen receptor beta binding

Researchers used computational docking experiments to compare how two nanoplastic-related compounds, DEHP from PVC and a PET monomer, bind to the human estrogen receptor beta. They found that DEHP exhibited binding affinity comparable to the natural hormone estradiol, while PET showed weaker but still notable interaction. The study provides computational evidence that plastic-derived chemicals may interfere with estrogen signaling at the molecular level, with different polymers posing varying degrees of risk.

2026 Journal of Emerging Investigators
Review Tier 2

An integrated approach to remove endocrine-disrupting chemicals bisphenol and its analogues from the aqueous environment: a review

This review examines advanced treatment methods for removing bisphenol A and its substitutes (BPF, BPS, BPAF) from water environments. Researchers found that adsorption combined with photocatalytic degradation offers the most promising approach due to high oxidation capability and low cost compared to other individual treatment options.

2023 Water Science & Technology 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Analogy or fallacy, unsafe chemical alternatives: Mechanistic insights into energy metabolism dysfunction induced by Bisphenol analogs in HepG2 cells

Researchers exposed human liver cells to three bisphenol A (BPA) replacements — chemicals used in plastics — and found that all three disrupted energy production in the cell's mitochondria (the cell's power generators), though through different mechanisms. The findings suggest that BPA substitutes are not necessarily safer and may cause their own form of metabolic harm.

2023 Environment International 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Advances in understanding the reproductive toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in women

This review examines how endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, phthalates, and triclosan may interfere with the female reproductive system. Evidence indicates that these chemicals, found widely in the environment, can disrupt hormone function and may contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes, though the precise mechanisms are still being studied.

2024 Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Implications of plastic-derived endocrine disruptors on human health

This review summarizes how chemicals released from plastics, known as endocrine disruptors, can interfere with the body's hormone systems. Common substances like BPA and phthalates mimic or block hormones, contributing to obesity, diabetes, reproductive problems, and developmental issues in children. Micro- and nanoplastics make the problem worse because they can release these hormone-disrupting chemicals inside the body after being ingested or inhaled.

2025 Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Raspberry pi: Assessments of emerging organic chemicals by the predictive in silico methods

Researchers used computer modeling to assess the toxicity of phthalate and bisphenol plasticizer chemicals, which leach from plastics into food and the environment. These computational tools can help predict which plastic additives pose the greatest risks to human health without extensive animal testing.

2021 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The Effects of Bisphenol A of Polycarbonate Plastics on Various Blood and Fertility Parameters, along with Histological Changes in Male Albino Rats

This review examined the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) leaching from polycarbonate plastics on blood parameters and fertility indicators, summarizing animal and human studies showing endocrine-disrupting effects. BPA exposure was associated with hormonal imbalances and impaired reproductive outcomes.

2024 Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The Impact of Endocrine Disruptions on Animal and Human Organism

This review examines how endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including bisphenol A, phthalates, and micro- and nanoplastics, interfere with hormonal balance in animals and humans. Researchers describe how these substances interact with hormone receptors, induce epigenetic changes, and disrupt cell signaling pathways affecting reproduction, metabolism, and neurological function. The study highlights that nanoparticles, including microplastics, may amplify endocrine disruption and calls for more research into the molecular pathways involved.

2025 Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Interaction Between Endocrine Disruptors and Polyethylene Nanoplastic by Molecular Dynamics Simulations

Using computer simulations, researchers found that polyethylene nanoplastics can attract and carry endocrine-disrupting chemicals like bisphenol A (BPA) and benzophenone (BZP), with BZP binding nearly three times more strongly to the plastic surface. Even at low concentrations, these chemicals can interfere with hormones and have been linked to various diseases. The findings suggest that nanoplastics in the environment could act as tiny vehicles, delivering harmful chemicals into the body.

2024 The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Hormônios Esteroides E a Influência Do Bisfenol-a

This review examines the impact of bisphenol-A (BPA), a substance found in plastics, on steroid hormone metabolism based on articles from Scielo and PubMed published between 2016 and 2023. The review finds that BPA disrupts estrogen receptor signaling across reproductive and nervous system tissues through estrogenic and oxidative/pro-apoptotic mechanisms, and that despite its short half-life, continuous exposure leads to accumulation detectable in blood and urine.

2024 Enciclopédia Biosfera
Article Tier 2

Are the BPA analogues an alternative to classical BPA? Comparison between 2D and alternative 3D in vitro neuron model to assess cytotoxic and genotoxic effects

Researchers compared the toxicity of BPA and five substitute chemicals (BPA analogues) that industry has been using as replacements, testing their effects on human nerve cells. Several BPA alternatives proved to be just as toxic or even more toxic than BPA itself, causing cell damage and genetic changes. This is concerning because these substitutes are found in plastics people use daily, and the findings suggest that replacing BPA with these analogues may not be making products safer for human health.

2024 Toxicology 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Critical Analysis of Human Exposure to Bisphenol A and Its Novel Implications on Renal, Cardiovascular and Hypertensive Diseases

This critical review analyzed urinary BPA concentration data across major population studies and found widespread human exposure to bisphenol A, with mounting evidence linking chronic low-level BPA exposure to renal, cardiovascular, and hypertensive diseases through its endocrine-disrupting mechanisms.

2021 IntechOpen eBooks 6 citations