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Ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of BPA analogues and their mixture in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum
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Researchers exposed clams to three common bisphenol A substitutes (BPAF, BPF, and BPS) at environmentally relevant concentrations to evaluate whether these replacement chemicals are truly safer. The study found that all three BPA analogues caused oxidative stress, cellular damage, and neurotoxic effects in clam tissues, suggesting that these widely used substitutes may pose similar ecological risks as the compound they were designed to replace.
Bisphenol A is recognized as an endocrine disruptor that can affect several biological processes in marine species. Consequently, its use has been restricted and it has been replaced with other similar compounds named bisphenol A analogues (BPA analogues). BPA analogues are speculatively considered safer compounds than BPA and their usage is increasing with a consequent higher environmental release. In this study, specimens of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum were exposed to three main BPA analogues, namely BPAF, BPF, BPS and their mixture at an environmentally relevant concentration of 300 ng/L for 7 and 14 days. Effects on biomarkers indicative of cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and damage and neurotoxicity were evaluated. In addition, bioaccumulation of the compound tested was analysed in clam soft tissues. Results showed that BPA analogues at an environment concentration affected cellular parameters and antioxidant system causing also oxidative damage, suggesting that BPA analogues can be harmful compounds for clams.
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Researchers tested five BPA chemical analogues (intended as safer BPA replacements) on three marine microalgae species, finding that several analogues — particularly BPFL and BPAF — were more toxic than BPA itself and that results from single-species tests did not reliably predict community-level outcomes, raising concerns about the safety of current BPA substitutes.
Bisphenol Analogs in Aquatic Environments and Their Effects on Marine Species—A Review
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This review summarized concentrations of bisphenol A analogs found across aquatic environments globally and assessed their toxic effects on marine species, finding that many BPA substitutes show similar endocrine-disrupting, oxidative, and genotoxic activity to the compound they replaced. The findings raise concerns that current BPA alternatives may not represent a meaningful safety improvement for aquatic ecosystems.
Can BPA Analogs Affect Cellular and Biochemical Responses in the Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin?
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This study tested three bisphenol A replacement chemicals (BPAF, BPF, and BPS) on a marine diatom at environmentally relevant concentrations, finding that all three disrupted algal growth and triggered oxidative stress. Although no actual cell damage was detected at these doses, the results suggest that BPA substitutes are not chemically inert and may still threaten marine primary producers. This is relevant to microplastics research because these bisphenol chemicals leach from plastics and are released alongside microplastic particles in the environment.
Can BPA Analogs Affect Cellular and Biochemical Responses in the Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin?
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Researchers tested three bisphenol A analogs (BPAF, BPF, BPS) and their mixture on the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at environmentally relevant concentrations of 300 ng/L, measuring growth, cell size, and oxidative stress biomarkers. All three analogs and their mixture affected the microalga, raising concerns about the ecological risks of BPA substitutes in marine environments.
Insights into the Adverse Effects of Bisphenol A on the Environment and Human Health
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Researchers investigated the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), its replacement bisphenol F (BPF), and their combination on primary producers, finding that both compounds harm eukaryotic green algae and raising concerns about the safety of BPA substitutes.
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