Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Effect of chronic deltamethrin exposure on brain transcriptome and metabolome of juvenile crucian carp

Researchers examined the effects of chronic deltamethrin exposure on the brain chemistry and gene expression of juvenile crucian carp. The study found that this common pyrethroid insecticide disrupted brain metabolic pathways and altered gene transcription patterns, suggesting potential neurotoxic effects on freshwater fish from ongoing pesticide contamination.

2023 Environmental Toxicology 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of Detoxification‐Related Gene Expression, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) Co‐Exposed to Polyethylene Microplastics and Deltamethrin

Researchers investigated whether polyethylene microplastics worsen the toxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in juvenile common carp over a 30-day exposure. The study found that co-exposure to microplastics and deltamethrin affected detoxification-related gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers, and blood biochemistry, suggesting that microplastics can modify the bioavailability and toxicity of co-occurring pesticides in fish.

2026 Journal of Applied Toxicology
Article Tier 2

Microplastic exposure induces structural hyperplasia in the gill tissue of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) through immunosuppression, metabolic disruption, and structural damage

Researchers examined how polystyrene microplastics affect the gill tissue of grass carp at two concentrations. They found that higher microplastic exposure caused significant structural damage to gills, activated inflammatory pathways, triggered oxidative stress, and promoted abnormal cell proliferation. The study suggests that microplastics can induce structural hyperplasia in fish gills through combined immunosuppression, metabolic disruption, and tissue damage mechanisms.

2025 Aquatic Toxicology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Immunotoxicity of microplastics in fish

This review examines how microplastics damage the immune systems of fish, from harming their gills and organs to disrupting immune cell signaling and gene expression. Over time, microplastic exposure weakens fish immunity by killing immune cells and reducing their ability to fight off infections, with implications for the broader food chain that connects aquatic life to human diets.

2024 Fish & Shellfish Immunology 36 citations
Article Tier 2

Polyethylene microplastics trigger cell apoptosis and inflammation via inducing oxidative stress and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in carp gills

Researchers exposed carp gills to polyethylene microplastics and found that the particles triggered cell death and inflammation through oxidative stress and activation of a key immune signaling pathway called the NLRP3 inflammasome. Higher microplastic concentrations caused more severe gill tissue damage and stronger inflammatory responses. The study reveals a specific molecular mechanism by which microplastics can harm the immune function of freshwater fish.

2022 Fish & Shellfish Immunology 149 citations
Article Tier 2

Inflammatory, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Effects in Zebrafish Larvae after Rapid Exposure to a Commercial Glyphosate Formulation

Researchers examined the effects of acute exposure to a commercial glyphosate formulation on zebrafish larvae, observing inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cell death at environmentally relevant concentrations, suggesting potential risks to aquatic organisms.

2021 Biomedicines 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of microplastic (polyethylene) exposure: Bioaccumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in crucian carp, Carassius carassius

Researchers exposed crucian carp to polyethylene microplastics at various concentrations and found that the particles accumulated in tissues including gills, gut, and liver. The microplastics altered blood cell counts and disrupted the fish's antioxidant defense system in a dose-dependent manner. The study suggests that even common polyethylene microplastics can cause measurable biological harm in freshwater fish.

2023 Chemosphere 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecological Toxicity, Oxidative Stress and Impacts of Microplastics on Fish Gills

This review summarizes research on how microplastic exposure damages fish gills, a critical organ for breathing, waste removal, and maintaining body chemistry. Researchers found that microplastics cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, and structural changes to gill tissue, which can impair blood parameters and overall fish health. The findings highlight that gill damage from microplastics may be a widespread concern for freshwater and marine fish populations.

2025 Indus journal of bioscience research. 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Metamifop on Defense Systems in Monopterus albus

Researchers exposed the rice field fish Monopterus albus to the herbicide metamifop at four concentrations, finding dose-dependent increases in reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage markers, and apoptosis indicators. The results demonstrate that metamifop poses toxicity risks to non-target aquatic organisms in paddy field environments.

2023 Toxics 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological effects of carbendazim on the freshwater food fish Channa striata: An approach to safeguard fish and its consumers' health

Researchers exposed the freshwater fish Channa striata to carbendazim fungicide at concentrations above the permissible limit, finding significant hematological, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and histopathological effects. The study highlights the risk posed by this agricultural fungicide to commercially important food fish and, by extension, human consumers.

2025 Archives of Life Sciences Research
Article Tier 2

Histopathological Alteration in Detoxifying Organs (Liver and Kidney) of Freshwater Fish Ctenopharyngodon idella Exposed to Lufenuron

Researchers exposed grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) to the insecticide lufenuron at 0–4 µg/L for 33 days and assessed histopathological changes in liver and kidney. Liver tissues showed vacuolation, necrosis, and inflammatory infiltration while kidneys showed degenerative changes, with severity increasing with concentration and duration of exposure.

2025 Journal of Zoology and Systematics
Article Tier 2

Copper and Microplastic Exposure Affects the Gill Gene Expression of Common Carp During Saltwater Challenge

This study examined how combined copper and microplastic exposure affects gill gene expression in common carp, finding synergistic stress responses including upregulation of genes involved in oxidative stress defense and immune function.

2024 Science Journal of University of Zakho 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics induce transcriptional changes, immune response and behavioral alterations in adult zebrafish

Researchers exposed adult zebrafish to polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics for twenty days and analyzed the effects at the genetic, tissue, and behavioral levels. They found significant changes in immune system genes, disrupted intestinal and gill tissue integrity, and increased presence of inflammatory cells. The study suggests that microplastic exposure may compromise fish defenses against pathogens by weakening the protective barriers of their mucosal tissues.

2019 Scientific Reports 361 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure on Individual, Tissue, and Gene Expression in Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

Juvenile crucian carp were exposed to polystyrene microplastics at different concentrations, and researchers found that the particles accumulated mainly in the intestines and gills. The study suggests that microplastic exposure caused tissue damage to multiple organs and altered gene expression, with higher concentrations generally leading to more severe effects.

2024 Fishes 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics

Goldfish exposed to two doses of virgin PVC microplastics for four days showed dose-dependent gill, liver, and intestinal tissue damage, elevated oxidative stress markers, disrupted antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered expression of ion-regulation and growth marker genes.

2020 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 103 citations
Article Tier 2

Determination of acute toxicity of sodium pyrithione on common carp and its effects on some hormones and hematological parameters

Researchers determined the 96-hour LC50 of sodium pyrithione for common carp (Cyprinus carpio) at 102.76 micrograms/L and assessed sub-lethal effects on hematological parameters and hormones, finding decreased red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell counts, and lymphocytes alongside reduced growth hormone and IGF-1 levels. The study demonstrates endocrine and hematological disruption from this antimicrobial compound used in aquatic environments.

2022 Research Square (Research Square) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Histopathological alterations in gills of common carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) as a biomarker of heavy metal pollution in Narmada River

This study assessed heavy metal contamination in six sites along India's Narmada River and examined associated histopathological damage to common carp gill tissue, finding site-dependent metal accumulation patterns that correlated with measurable tissue injury in fish.

2025 International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research
Article Tier 2

Bisphenol A Induces Histopathological, Hematobiochemical Alterations, Oxidative Stress, and Genotoxicity in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Researchers investigated the toxic effects of bisphenol A, a plastics-related endocrine disruptor, on common carp at different dose levels over 30 days. The study found dose-dependent reductions in blood cell counts, increased oxidative stress in the brain, liver, gills, and kidneys, and significant tissue damage, indicating that BPA exposure poses risks to aquatic organisms.

2022 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 49 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure on Liver Cell Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Gene Expression in Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

Researchers exposed young crucian carp to polystyrene microplastics at different concentrations and found dose-dependent liver damage, with higher concentrations causing more severe tissue injury and weaker antioxidant defenses. The microplastics disrupted genes involved in detoxification and stress response in liver cells. Since crucian carp is a commonly consumed freshwater fish, these findings raise questions about whether microplastic-contaminated fish could affect the health of people who eat them.

2025 Toxics 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Pathophysiological impact of chronic exposure of ciprofloxacin antibiotic residue above the MRL level in mice

Researchers chronically exposed organisms to ciprofloxacin antibiotic residues at environmentally relevant concentrations, measuring physiological and pathological responses. Ciprofloxacin exposure caused oxidative stress, tissue damage, and dysregulation of immune markers, suggesting that sub-therapeutic antibiotic concentrations common in polluted water pose meaningful health risks to aquatic organisms.

2024
Article Tier 2

Toxicological and Hematological Assessment of Azoxystrobin in Freshwater Fish: A Study on Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

Researchers assessed the acute toxicity and blood-related effects of the fungicide azoxystrobin on grass carp, a freshwater fish species. They found that exposure to the pesticide caused significant changes in hematological parameters and increased fish susceptibility to harm at measured concentrations. The study highlights the risks that agricultural chemical runoff poses to freshwater aquatic organisms.

2024 African Journal of Biomedical Research 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure of Cyprinus carpio var. larvae to PVC microplastics reveals significant immunological alterations and irreversible histological organ damage

Researchers conducted a 60-day feeding experiment exposing carp larvae to PVC microplastics at varying concentrations and found significant immune system disruption and organ damage. The microplastics caused liver vacuolation, intestinal villi damage, spleen inflammation, and kidney degeneration, along with elevated inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species. The findings indicate that chronic dietary exposure to PVC microplastics can cause serious and potentially irreversible harm to freshwater fish immune function.

2022 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 55 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of the Risk of Microplastics on Gill and Gut Health and Subsequent Pathogen Susceptibility in the Goldfish Model

Researchers assessed how polystyrene microplastics of two sizes affect gill and gut health in goldfish and their subsequent vulnerability to bacterial infection. They found that microplastic exposure caused tissue inflammation, increased immune gene expression, and thickened gill and intestinal structures. Notably, exposure to smaller 0.5-micrometer microplastics significantly reduced fish survival when challenged with a bacterial pathogen, indicating that microplastics can compromise immune defenses in fish.

2025 Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The effects of exposure to microplastics on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic levels

Researchers exposed grass carp to microplastics at two concentrations for 21 days and observed liver damage, inhibited growth, and increased oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed over 1,500 differentially expressed genes related to immune response, metabolism, and cellular stress pathways. The study suggests that microplastic exposure can trigger broad physiological and molecular disruptions in freshwater fish.

2021 Chemosphere 54 citations