Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Subacute toxic effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics (PVC-MPs) in juvenile common carp, Cyprinus carpio (Pisces: Cyprinidae)

Juvenile common carp exposed to polyvinyl chloride microplastics showed dose-dependent toxic effects including tissue damage, oxidative stress, and altered biochemical markers over a subacute exposure period. The results indicate that PVC microplastics are harmful to freshwater fish at ecologically relevant concentrations.

2022 SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics on transcriptional changes, biochemical response, and oxidative stress in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Researchers exposed common carp to varying concentrations of polyethylene microplastics and assessed biochemical, oxidative, and gene expression changes. The study found that microplastic exposure caused significant oxidative stress, altered liver enzyme activity, and modified the expression of stress-related genes in a dose-dependent manner.

2022 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 72 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure of Cyprinus carpio var. larvae to PVC microplastics reveals significant immunological alterations and irreversible histological organ damage

Researchers conducted a 60-day feeding experiment exposing carp larvae to PVC microplastics at varying concentrations and found significant immune system disruption and organ damage. The microplastics caused liver vacuolation, intestinal villi damage, spleen inflammation, and kidney degeneration, along with elevated inflammatory markers and reactive oxygen species. The findings indicate that chronic dietary exposure to PVC microplastics can cause serious and potentially irreversible harm to freshwater fish immune function.

2022 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 55 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure to polypropylene microplastics via diet and water induces oxidative stress in Cyprinus carpio

Researchers fed carp fish polypropylene microplastics through both food and water and found that exposure caused oxidative stress in the liver, gills, and intestines. The damage was dose-dependent, with higher microplastic concentrations causing more harm to the fish's antioxidant defense systems. Since carp is a widely consumed fish, these findings raise questions about whether microplastics in aquaculture could affect the safety of fish as human food.

2023 Aquatic Toxicology 76 citations
Article Tier 2

Dietary exposure to polyvinyl chloride microparticles induced oxidative stress and hepatic damage in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822)

Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fed PVC microparticle-spiked diets at three inclusion levels for 45 days showed dose-dependent liver damage, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered serum biochemistry, indicating that dietary PVC microplastic ingestion causes measurable hepatotoxicity.

2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 99 citations
Article Tier 2

Differential modulation of oxidative stress, antioxidant defense, histomorphology, ion-regulation and growth marker gene expression in goldfish (Carassius auratus) following exposure to different dose of virgin microplastics

Goldfish exposed to two doses of virgin PVC microplastics for four days showed dose-dependent gill, liver, and intestinal tissue damage, elevated oxidative stress markers, disrupted antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered expression of ion-regulation and growth marker genes.

2020 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 103 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Polystyrene Microplastic Exposure on Liver Cell Damage, Oxidative Stress, and Gene Expression in Juvenile Crucian Carp (Carassius auratus)

Researchers exposed young crucian carp to polystyrene microplastics at different concentrations and found dose-dependent liver damage, with higher concentrations causing more severe tissue injury and weaker antioxidant defenses. The microplastics disrupted genes involved in detoxification and stress response in liver cells. Since crucian carp is a commonly consumed freshwater fish, these findings raise questions about whether microplastic-contaminated fish could affect the health of people who eat them.

2025 Toxics 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological Effects of Polystyrene Particles on Cyprinus carpio: A Laboratory Assessment

Researchers exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to polystyrene particles in a controlled laboratory setting, measuring survival, growth, histological damage, and oxidative stress markers over a 30-day period. Exposed fish showed liver and gill tissue damage alongside elevated oxidative stress enzymes, demonstrating that polystyrene microplastics are harmful to freshwater fish at tested concentrations.

2024 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Polyvinyl chloride microplastics induce changes in gene expression and organ histology along the HPG axis in Cyprinus carpio var. larvae

Researchers exposed common carp larvae to different concentrations of PVC microplastics in their diet for 60 days and examined effects on their reproductive system. The study found that microplastic exposure significantly reduced gonad development, altered sex hormone levels, and changed the expression of genes related to reproduction and cell death along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. These findings suggest that PVC microplastics may negatively impact fish reproductive health by disrupting hormonal signaling and gonadal development.

2023 Aquatic Toxicology 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Ingestion of Polyvinylchloride Powder Particles Induces Oxidative Stress and Hepatic Histopathological Changes in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia)—A Preliminary Study

Researchers found that oral exposure to PVC microplastic powder induced oxidative stress and liver histopathological changes in Nile tilapia, with altered water quality parameters and tissue damage indicating significant toxicological effects from ingested plastic particles.

2023 Sustainability 8 citations
Article Tier 2

The effects of exposure to microplastics on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) at the physiological, biochemical, and transcriptomic levels

Researchers exposed grass carp to microplastics at two concentrations for 21 days and observed liver damage, inhibited growth, and increased oxidative stress. Transcriptome analysis revealed over 1,500 differentially expressed genes related to immune response, metabolism, and cellular stress pathways. The study suggests that microplastic exposure can trigger broad physiological and molecular disruptions in freshwater fish.

2021 Chemosphere 54 citations
Clinical Trial Tier 1

Effects of Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics on the Growth Rate, Liver Enzyme, and Serum Metabolites of Cirrhinus mrigala

Scientists found that plastic particles in water seriously harm fish by damaging their liver and slowing their growth. Since we eat fish and plastic pollution affects the entire food chain, this research suggests that microplastics could eventually impact human health too. The more plastic particles in the water, the sicker the fish became, which is concerning because plastic pollution in our waterways keeps getting worse.

2026 Pakistan Journal of Zoological Sciences
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of microplastic (polyethylene) exposure: Bioaccumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses in crucian carp, Carassius carassius

Researchers exposed crucian carp to polyethylene microplastics at various concentrations and found that the particles accumulated in tissues including gills, gut, and liver. The microplastics altered blood cell counts and disrupted the fish's antioxidant defense system in a dose-dependent manner. The study suggests that even common polyethylene microplastics can cause measurable biological harm in freshwater fish.

2023 Chemosphere 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of Detoxification‐Related Gene Expression, Oxidative Stress Biomarkers, and Blood Biochemical Parameters in Common Carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) Co‐Exposed to Polyethylene Microplastics and Deltamethrin

Researchers investigated whether polyethylene microplastics worsen the toxic effects of the insecticide deltamethrin in juvenile common carp over a 30-day exposure. The study found that co-exposure to microplastics and deltamethrin affected detoxification-related gene expression, oxidative stress biomarkers, and blood biochemistry, suggesting that microplastics can modify the bioavailability and toxicity of co-occurring pesticides in fish.

2026 Journal of Applied Toxicology
Article Tier 2

The The Effect of Exposure to Microplastic Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) in Feed on the Growth and Survival of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Researchers studied the effects of polyvinyl chloride microplastics mixed into feed on the growth and survival of tilapia fish over a 30-day period. They found that higher concentrations of microplastics in feed led to reduced growth rates and lower survival compared to the control group. The study suggests that microplastic contamination in aquatic environments could negatively affect commercially important fish species through dietary exposure.

2024 Journal of Fish Health 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Enrichment of polystyrene microplastics induces histological damage, oxidative stress, Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway-related gene expression in loach juveniles (Paramisgurnus dabryanus)

Researchers studied how polystyrene microplastics accumulate in loach juveniles raised in ponds lined with plastic film, finding dose-dependent enrichment in the fish. The study found that microplastic exposure caused liver tissue damage, disrupted antioxidant enzyme activity, and altered the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress defense pathways.

2022 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 66 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicological effects of polyethylene microplastics on growth, antioxidant capacity, histopathology and stress-related genes transcription in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) larvae

Researchers examined the effects of polyethylene microplastics (PEMP) on Asian seabass larvae over 10 days, exposing post-hatch larvae to concentrations of 50, 100, and 500 micrograms per liter to assess impacts on growth, antioxidant capacity, stress-related gene transcription, and gut histopathology.

2025 Chemosphere
Article Tier 2

Hepatic transcriptomic and histopathological responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, to copper and microplastic exposure

Researchers investigated how PVC microplastics interact with copper exposure in common carp over 14 days. They found that the microplastic particles acted as a vector for copper, increasing its accumulation in the liver and worsening tissue damage beyond what either pollutant caused alone. The study suggests that microplastics can amplify the toxic effects of heavy metals in freshwater fish.

2022 Marine Pollution Bulletin 49 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of PS-MPs on growth, immunity, antioxidant capacity and amino acid metabolism in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio )

Researchers exposed common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to polystyrene microplastics at 0, 50, 100, and 200 micrograms per liter for 15 days, finding that higher concentrations significantly reduced weight gain rates and hepatopancreas somatic indices while impairing immunity, antioxidant capacity, and amino acid metabolism. The results demonstrate dose-dependent toxic effects of PS-MPs on fish physiology at environmentally relevant concentrations.

2025 Israeli Journal of Aquaculture - Bamidgeh
Article Tier 2

Chronic exposure to high-density polyethylene microplastic through feeding alters the nutrient metabolism of juvenile yellow perch (Perca flavescens)

Researchers fed juvenile yellow perch diets containing varying levels of high-density polyethylene microplastics for nine weeks. While no mortality or growth effects were observed, fish exposed to the highest microplastic levels showed decreased body protein and ash content, enlarged liver cells with increased glycogen storage, reduced liver lipid, and significant intestinal cell damage. The study suggests that chronic microplastic ingestion can alter nutrient metabolism and cause organ-level damage in fish even without affecting survival or growth.

2022 Animal nutrition 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicological consequences of polystyrene microplastics on Cirrhinus mrigala: effects on growth, body composition, nutrient digestibility, haematology and histopathology

Researchers evaluated the toxicological effects of polystyrene microplastics on the Indian major carp Cirrhinus mrigala, measuring growth, body composition, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and histopathology. Polystyrene microplastic exposure impaired growth performance and caused dose-dependent tissue damage in liver and intestinal organs.

2024 Marine and Freshwater Research 6 citations
Article Tier 2

A dosage-effect assessment of acute toxicology tests of microplastic exposure in filter-feeding fish

Researchers assessed the dose-dependent effects of polystyrene microplastics on silver carp, a filter-feeding fish, during a 48-hour exposure and recovery period. Low concentrations induced oxidative stress and gene upregulation in the intestine, with the fish able to recover after exposure ended. However, high concentrations caused significant gill and intestinal damage that persisted even after the microplastics were removed.

2021 Fish & Shellfish Immunology 57 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of dietary polyvinylchloride, polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate exposure in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus: Bioaccumulation, and effects on behaviour, growth, hematology and histology

Nile tilapia fish fed three common types of microplastics (PVC, polypropylene, and PET) showed reduced growth, abnormal behavior, blood cell damage, and tissue damage in their gills, liver, and intestines. The harmful effects increased with higher doses of microplastics and varied by plastic type. Since tilapia is one of the most widely consumed fish globally, these findings raise concerns about the health of fish that may carry microplastic contamination to human diets.

2024 Environmental Pollution 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on common carp: Insights into blood parameters, DNA damage, and gene expression

Exposing common carp to polystyrene nanoplastics caused significant DNA damage in blood and brain cells, along with changes in genes related to immune function and stress response. Higher concentrations led to more severe effects, and the nanoplastics also disrupted liver antioxidant defenses. Since carp are widely consumed fish, these findings raise questions about the safety of fish from nanoplastic-contaminated waters for human consumption.

2024 Journal of Applied Toxicology 14 citations