Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Effects of chronic exposure to microplastics of different polymer types on early life stages of sea trout Salmo trutta

Sea trout embryos and larvae were exposed to polystyrene, PET, and polyethylene microplastics for 113 days and showed no effects on survival or hatching, but all polymer types induced genotoxicity (nuclear abnormalities in red blood cells), with polystyrene causing the greatest DNA damage.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 93 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of a microplastic exposure gradient on juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Researchers exposed newly hatched lake trout for 12 weeks to three types of microplastics, polyethylene, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate, at a gradient of concentrations to assess effects on early life stages of this important sportfish. Microplastic exposure caused growth and developmental effects in juvenile lake trout, with responses varying by polymer type and concentration.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Effects of a microplastic exposure gradient on juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush)

Researchers exposed newly hatched lake trout to a gradient of three microplastic types over 12 weeks, assessing growth, survival, and physiological biomarkers. Microplastic exposure caused dose-dependent effects on early life stage fish, with polymer type influencing the pattern of harm.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Polystyrene microparticles can affect the health status of freshwater fish – Threat of oral microplastics intake

Researchers fed juvenile rainbow trout polystyrene microplastics at three dietary concentrations for six weeks and assessed multiple health parameters. They found that the highest concentration triggered immune responses, liver and gill damage, disrupted antioxidant balance, and reduced plasma proteins. The study demonstrates that oral microplastic intake can negatively affect the health of freshwater fish across multiple organ systems.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 44 citations
Article Tier 2

In vitro toxicity assessment of polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride microplastics using three cell lines from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Researchers assessed the in vitro toxicity of PET and PVC microplastics on three rainbow trout cell lines and found that while pristine particles showed limited cytotoxicity at high concentrations, PVC particles caused more pronounced effects than PET across gill, gonad, and liver cells.

2022 Chemosphere 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Integrated Biomarker, Histopathological and Genotoxicity‐Based Toxicological Evaluation of Polystyrene and Polyethylene Microplastics in Oreochromis mossambicus

Researchers exposed Mozambique tilapia to polystyrene and polyethylene microplastics and found dose-dependent accumulation in gill, gut, and liver tissues. Polyethylene proved significantly more toxic, causing greater oxidative stress, metabolic disruption, and chromosomal damage as measured by micronucleus assays. The study provides evidence that different polymer types can have markedly different toxicological impacts on freshwater fish.

2025 Journal of Applied Toxicology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The Influence of Polystyrene Microplastics on Juvenile Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study investigated the effects of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile steelhead trout, a commercially and ecologically important anadromous fish. As top predators, steelhead are at particular risk from microplastic bioaccumulation through their prey, and the review highlights gaps in research compared to smaller model species. Understanding how microplastics affect large predatory fish is critical because these species are widely consumed by humans and play key roles in connecting freshwater and marine ecosystems.

2023
Article Tier 2

Do foodborne polyethylene microparticles affect the health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)?

Researchers fed rainbow trout diets containing polyethylene microparticles at three concentrations for six weeks and evaluated various health indicators including growth, organ condition, blood chemistry, and gut histology. The study found that pristine polyethylene microparticles at environmentally relevant concentrations did not cause significant adverse health effects in the fish over the exposure period.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 53 citations
Article Tier 2

Embryotoxicity of polystyrene microplastics in zebrafish Danio rerio

Researchers exposed zebrafish embryos to polystyrene microplastics during early development and observed serious physical deformities, particularly in the spine, tail, and eyes, despite no increase in mortality. The exposed larvae also showed elevated expression of genes involved in oxidative stress defense and cellular detoxification. The findings suggest that microplastics can disrupt critical developmental stages in freshwater fish even when they do not directly cause death.

2021 Environmental Research 136 citations
Article Tier 2

Oncorhynchus mykiss Microplastic Exposure: Impacts and Research Gaps

This review synthesized global research on the effects of microplastic exposure on rainbow trout, documenting histopathological changes, oxidative stress, immune impacts, and reproductive disruption across various MP types, concentrations, and exposure durations studied in this commercially important fish.

2025 Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi
Article Tier 2

Toxic impact of polystyrene microplastic particles in freshwater organisms

Researchers tested the toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics on four freshwater species including algae, rotifers, crustaceans, and ostracods. They found that water fleas were the most sensitive, with chronic effects appearing at very low concentrations, and that microplastics caused both DNA damage and increased production of reactive oxygen species. The study highlights that even at relatively low concentrations, microplastics can pose a meaningful threat to freshwater ecosystems.

2022 Chemosphere 90 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity of polystyrene microplastics on juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) after individual and combined exposure with chlorpyrifos

Researchers tested the effects of pristine and chlorpyrifos-loaded polystyrene microplastics on juvenile rainbow trout, examining tissue damage and physiological responses. They found that microplastics carrying the pesticide caused more severe histopathological changes in the gills and liver than either contaminant alone. The study provides evidence that microplastics can act as vectors for pesticides, amplifying their toxic effects on freshwater fish.

2020 Journal of Hazardous Materials 138 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity Effects of Microplastics Individually and in Combination the Fish Pathogen Yersinia Ruckeri on the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Researchers found that co-exposure of rainbow trout to polystyrene microplastics and the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri exacerbated blood biochemical disruptions and hepatic oxidative stress compared to either stressor alone. The results suggest microplastics may act as a predisposing factor that amplifies bacterial infection severity in fish.

2021 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Polystyrene Nanoplastics Induce Multi-Organ Toxicity in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): An Integrated Assessment of Physiological, Immunological, and Molecular Responses

Rainbow trout were exposed to polystyrene nanoplastics at three concentrations for 28 days and assessed for physiological, immunological, and molecular responses across multiple organs. NPs accumulated in liver, spleen, and intestine, causing dose-dependent oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, and altered gene expression, demonstrating multi-organ toxicity in a commercially important fish species.

2025
Article Tier 2

Effect of Microplastics on the Activity of Digestive and Oxidative-Stress-Related Enzymes in Peled Whitefish (Coregonus peled Gmelin) Larvae

Researchers exposed peled whitefish larvae to polystyrene microplastics and measured changes in digestive and antioxidant enzyme activity as indicators of stress. They found that microplastic exposure disrupted normal enzyme functions, suggesting impaired digestion and increased oxidative stress even at relatively low concentrations. The study provides evidence that microplastic contamination in freshwater environments may harm the development and survival of commercially valuable fish species during their most vulnerable life stages.

2023 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of zebrafish exposure to high-density polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics at molecular and histological levels

This study exposed zebrafish to high-density polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics and used genomic analysis to identify which biological pathways were most affected, finding widespread disruption of immune function, metabolism, and stress response genes. The transcriptomic approach reveals that different plastic types activate distinct molecular stress responses in fish.

2018 Use Siena air (University of Siena)
Article Tier 2

Sub-chronic exposure of Oreochromis niloticus to environmentally relevant concentrations of smaller microplastics: Accumulation and toxico-physiological responses

Researchers exposed Nile tilapia to low, environmentally relevant concentrations of polystyrene microplastics for 14 days and found the particles accumulated in multiple organs including the brain, liver, and reproductive tissues. The fish showed changes in blood chemistry, increased stress hormones, and signs of liver and kidney dysfunction. These results suggest that even realistic levels of microplastic pollution can cause measurable physiological harm in fish.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of microplastics on Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Researchers found that microplastic exposure predisposed rainbow trout to more severe Yersinia ruckeri infections, with co-exposed fish showing worse blood biochemical parameters and hepatic oxidative stress compared to fish exposed to the pathogen alone.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental samples of microplastics induce significant toxic effects in fish larvae

Researchers collected microplastic samples from beaches on Easter Island, Guam, and Hawaii, then fed them to Japanese medaka fish at concentrations reflecting real ocean conditions. Larvae exposed to these environmental microplastics experienced increased mortality, developmental abnormalities, DNA damage, and behavioral changes. The study demonstrates that realistic concentrations of weathered, real-world microplastics can cause significant harm to fish during their most vulnerable early life stages.

2019 Environment International 407 citations
Article Tier 2

The Effects of Different Concentrations of Microplastics on the Physiology and Behavior of Sebastes schlegelii

Researchers exposed juvenile black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii) to polystyrene microplastics for 24 days, finding that concentrations of 0.1 mg/L and above caused significant antioxidant enzyme disruption, immune suppression with rising inflammatory cytokines, and reduced survival at 1 mg/L.

2025 Preprints.org
Article Tier 2

Toxicity assessment of pollutants sorbed on environmental sample microplastics collected on beaches: Part I-adverse effects on fish cell line

Environmental microplastics from Pacific island beaches were tested on rainbow trout liver cells (RTLW-1), with MPs from all three island locations causing cytotoxicity and inducing metabolic enzyme activity, while virgin MPs showed no significant effects. The study demonstrates that contaminant loading on beach-collected microplastics drives cell-level toxicity beyond the physical plastic particle effects alone.

2019 Environmental Pollution 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Combined polystyrene microplastics and chlorpyrifos decrease levels of nutritional parameters in muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Researchers exposed rainbow trout to polystyrene microplastics combined with the pesticide chlorpyrifos and found that the combination significantly reduced key nutritional parameters (protein, lipid, and moisture content) in muscle tissue compared to either contaminant alone.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 41 citations
Article Tier 2

No Effect of Polystyrene Microplastics on Foraging Activity and Survival in a Post-larvae Coral-Reef Fish, Acanthurus triostegus

Exposure to polystyrene microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations had no measurable effect on foraging activity or survival of juvenile coral reef fish (Acanthurus triostegus) in laboratory trials.

2019 Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 38 citations
Article Tier 2

Size Matters: Ingestion of Relatively Large Microplastics Contaminated with Environmental Pollutants Posed Little Risk for Fish Health and Fillet Quality

Rainbow trout were fed polystyrene microplastics (100–400 μm) contaminated with sewage or harbor effluent for 4 weeks, with liver biomarkers showing no significant oxidative stress and the fillet showing no change in oxidative stability during ice storage. The study concludes that ingestion of environmentally-sized contaminated microplastics poses little risk to fish health or meat quality under realistic exposure conditions.

2018 Environmental Science & Technology 88 citations