Papers

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Article Tier 2

Assessing the Mass Concentration of Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants by Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

Researchers used pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to measure the mass concentration of both microplastics and nanoplastics at different stages of wastewater treatment. They found that treatment plants removed over 93% of microplastics and nanoplastics by mass, but measurable amounts still remained in treated effluent. The study provides important data on nanoplastic levels in wastewater, which have been largely unmeasured due to limitations of previous detection methods.

2023 Environmental Science & Technology 169 citations
Article Tier 2

Mass quantification of nanoplastics at wastewater treatment plants by pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Scientists measured nanoplastics (plastic particles smaller than 1 micrometer) at three wastewater treatment plants in Australia and found them present in all samples. While the plants removed 91-96% of nanoplastics, the remaining particles still added up to an estimated 1.8 to 12.8 kilograms of nanoplastics released into waterways per plant each year. This study is one of the first to measure nanoplastics by mass rather than just counting particles, giving a clearer picture of how much ultra-small plastic pollution enters the environment through treated wastewater.

2024 Water Research 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of wastewater treatment process on pollution characteristics and fate of microplastics

Researchers investigated microplastic abundance and removal efficiency across four wastewater treatment plants using different treatment technologies, finding influent concentrations between 539 and 1,290 particles per liter that were reduced substantially by primary and secondary treatment. Smaller microplastic particles proved hardest to remove and most likely to persist in final effluent.

2021 Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantitatively tracing microplastics in sewage sludge using thermodesorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry combined with pyrolysis

Researchers developed a mass-based method using pyrolysis combined with thermal desorption gas chromatography to trace microplastics through sewage sludge treatment processes. They found that total microplastic concentrations dropped from about 8,700 micrograms per gram in primary sludge to roughly 470 micrograms per gram in final treated sludge. Centrifugal dewatering was the most effective step for removing microplastics, while thermal hydrolysis and anaerobic digestion had minimal impact.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in microplastics removal: Insights from multiple analytical techniques

Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in removing microplastics across multiple treatment stages, finding removal efficiencies of 70–90% but documenting that billions of particles still pass through in final effluent daily.

2025 Journal of Environmental Sciences 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification of microplastics in wastewater after cascade filtration using Pyrolysis-GC–MS

Researchers developed a cascadic steel basket filtration system combined with Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis to identify and quantify microplastics in wastewater, achieving an 86% mean recovery across three mesh sizes and demonstrating its use for mass balance assessments.

2019 MethodsX 129 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in drinking water: quantitative analysis of microplastics from source to tap by pyrolysis–gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Researchers used pyrolysis–GC-MS to quantify microplastics by mass concentration at each stage of Amsterdam's drinking water supply—from raw surface water through two treatment plants to household tap water—providing rare mass-based data on MP fate during treatment.

2025 Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Article Tier 2

Development of a Routine Screening Method for the Microplastic Mass Content in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent

Researchers developed a routine screening method to quantify microplastic mass content in wastewater treatment plant effluent, addressing the need for standardized, practical monitoring tools that can be integrated into regular facility operations.

2022 Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics analysis in environmental samples – recent pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method improvements to increase the reliability of mass-related data

This study improved pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) methods for measuring mass-related microplastic data in environmental samples, enhancing reliability and sensitivity for trace-level analysis. Better analytical methods are essential for accurately quantifying microplastic contamination across diverse environmental matrices.

2019 Analytical Methods 224 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification of Microplastics in Drinking Water Using Pyrolysis-GC/MS

Researchers used pyrolysis-GC/MS to identify and quantify microplastics by polymer mass (rather than particle count) in drinking water samples. The method detected multiple polymer types and provided mass-based metrics that are more toxicologically relevant than particle counts commonly reported in water quality studies.

2025 TSpace
Article Tier 2

Identification of microplastic pathways within a typical European urban wastewater system

Researchers used thermoextraction/desorption gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to trace microplastic pathways through a European urban wastewater system, identifying key sources and transfer points where microplastics enter and move through municipal treatment infrastructure.

2023 Applied Research 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants: a critical review

This critical review of microplastic removal in wastewater treatment plants examines removal efficiencies across different treatment stages, finding that while WWTPs remove the majority of microplastics from influent, they still release millions of particles daily and are a major pathway for microplastics entering aquatic environments.

2020 Environmental Science Water Research & Technology 398 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification of microplastic targets in environmental matrices using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

This study developed and validated a pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol for quantifying common microplastic polymer types in complex environmental matrices, providing a reliable thermal analysis method for assessing microplastic pollution.

2024 Environmental Science Advances 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and Quantification of Microplastic in Sewage systems by TED-GC-MS

Thermal extraction desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TED-GC-MS) was applied to identify and quantify microplastics in sewage systems, offering a more time-efficient and comparable approach than traditional microscopy methods.

2022 Global NEST International Conference on Environmental Science & Technology 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Understanding microplastic presence in different wastewater treatment processes: Removal efficiency and source identification

Researchers tracked microplastic removal across different treatment stages at two wastewater treatment plants and found overall removal rates of 90% and 97%. They discovered that population density in the served area was a bigger driver of influent microplastic levels than sewage volume, and that activated sludge served as the primary trap for captured particles. The study identified laundry washing and daily consumer products as the main sources of microplastics entering the treatment plants.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Detection of microplastic traces in four different types of municipal wastewater treatment plants through FT-IR and TED-GC-MS

Researchers detected microplastic traces in four different types of municipal wastewater treatment plants using FT-IR and TED-GC-MS, finding that while treatment processes removed most microplastics, some were still released into receiving water bodies.

2023 Environmental Pollution 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Optimization, performance, and application of a pyrolysis-GC/MS method for the identification of microplastics

Researchers optimized a pyrolysis-GC/MS method for identifying and quantifying microplastics in environmental samples, improving the reliability of polymer identification especially for small particles that are difficult to classify visually. The improved method is particularly valuable for analyzing the smallest microplastic size fractions that dominate by number in marine environments.

2018 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 329 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent advances on microplastics pollution and removal from wastewater systems: A critical review

This review summarizes the latest research on microplastic detection, occurrence, and removal in wastewater treatment plants. While treatment plants can remove 57-99% of microplastics depending on the stage, significant amounts still escape into the environment through treated water and sludge. The findings highlight the need for advanced treatment methods to prevent microplastics from reaching waterways and ultimately human water supplies.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 81 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants

Researchers tracked microplastic particles through multiple stages of a wastewater treatment plant, finding that particles were concentrated in sludge but that a fraction passed through each treatment stage and remained in the final effluent.

2016 Water Research 1704 citations
Article Tier 2

A study on characteristics of microplastic in wastewater of South Korea: Identification, quantification, and fate of microplastics during treatment process

Microplastics were tracked through three South Korean wastewater treatment plants with different tertiary treatment methods, finding 75–92% removal by primary and secondary treatment and over 98% removal after tertiary treatment. The study confirms that advanced treatment steps are necessary to approach near-complete microplastic removal from municipal wastewater.

2019 Marine Pollution Bulletin 555 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of microplastic removal efficiency of wastewater-treatment plants in a developing country, Vietnam

Researchers evaluated microplastic removal efficiency at four wastewater treatment plants in Vietnam, finding removal rates of 92-99% but substantial daily microplastic loads still entering receiving waters through effluent discharge.

2023 Environmental Technology & Innovation 59 citations
Article Tier 2

The Py – GC-TOF-MS analysis and characterization of microplastics (MPs) in a wastewater treatment plant in Gauteng Province, South Africa

Researchers used Py-GC-TOF-MS to characterize microplastics at a South African wastewater treatment plant and found that polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene were the dominant polymer types, with smaller particles below 100 µm passing through treatment processes into receiving water bodies.

2021 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 35 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Estonian wastewater treatment plants: First evaluation of baseline concentrations and stage-wise removal efficiency

Researchers sampled six Estonian wastewater treatment plants to establish baseline microplastic concentrations in influents and effluents and assess stage-wise removal efficiency. At least 78% of microscopically identified MPs were confirmed by µFTIR spectroscopy, with at least 50% removed during secondary treatment, providing the first baseline data for Estonian WWTP microplastic discharge into the Baltic Sea.

2025 Aquatic Toxicology 4 citations
Article Tier 2

An audit of microplastic abundance throughout three Australian wastewater treatment plants

Microplastic abundance was audited throughout three Australian wastewater treatment plants, tracking particles from influent through all treatment stages and into both effluent and biosolids. While treatment removed most microplastics from effluent, the majority were captured in biosolids — which are often land-applied — highlighting biosolids as the primary pathway for microplastics leaving wastewater treatment systems.

2020 Chemosphere 284 citations