Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Identification and morphological characterization of different types of plastic microparticles

Researchers used multiple complementary techniques to identify and characterize the morphology and polymer composition of different types of plastic microparticles. They compared methods including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and spectroscopic analysis to evaluate their reliability. The study provides practical guidance for standardizing microplastic identification protocols, which is important for producing comparable results across different research laboratories.

2024 Heliyon 19 citations
Article Tier 2

The effect of weathering environments on microplastic chemical identification with Raman and IR spectroscopy: Part I. polyethylene and polypropylene

Researchers compared Raman and IR spectroscopy for identifying weathered polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics, finding that weathering significantly alters surface chemistry and that Raman spectroscopy is more robust for identifying heavily weathered samples than IR spectroscopy.

2022 Polymer Testing 121 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of polypropylene : proportion of microplastics formed and assessment of their density.

Researchers quantified the proportion of microplastics generated during UV-driven degradation of polypropylene and assessed changes in chemical composition caused by photooxidation. The study found that UV exposure progressively fragments polypropylene and alters its surface chemistry, affecting subsequent environmental behavior and toxicity.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Microplastic fouling: A gap in knowledge and a research imperative to improve their study by infrared characterization spectroscopy

Researchers analysed 4,042 infrared spectra of polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene microplastics collected from the Mediterranean Sea using principal component analysis, identifying that spectral variability in weathered marine microplastics is primarily driven by three processes: chemical ageing, organic fouling, and inorganic fouling.

2022 Marine Pollution Bulletin 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Optimization of methylene blue dye degradation using heterogeneous Fenton-like reaction with Fe3O4 nanoparticles/PVDF macrospheres: A response surface methodology approach

Researchers characterized polypropylene microplastics using SEM and FTIR analysis, finding irregular shapes with cracks and a size distribution of 14-96 micrometers, and tested sodium lauryl sulfate at 5% concentration as an effective dispersant for improving stability in suspension. The study provides foundational insights into polypropylene microplastic physical and chemical properties relevant to toxicological testing and environmental fate studies.

2024 ESTEEM Academic Journal 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Advances in microplastic characterization: Spectroscopic techniques and heavy metal adsorption insights

This review covers the various techniques scientists use to identify and characterize microplastics and the heavy metals that stick to their surfaces, including infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. Understanding what types of plastics are present and what toxic metals they carry is essential for assessing the health risks of microplastic exposure.

2024 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Elaborating more realistic model microplastics by simulating polypropylene's environmental ageing

This study developed more realistic model microplastics by simulating the environmental aging of polypropylene, producing laboratory particles with surface chemistry, roughness, and density closer to field-collected environmental microplastics.

2024 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization of Microplastics by Advanced Analytical Techniques

Researchers applied advanced analytical techniques — including Raman spectroscopy, synchrotron infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, synchrotron X-ray diffraction, and nanoindentation — to characterize the structure and properties of polyolefin microplastics collected from Japanese coastal waters, elucidating mechanisms of formation, photo-oxidative degradation, and fragmentation.

2022 BUNSEKI KAGAKU 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Analytical methods for microplastics in the environment: a review

Researchers reviewed classical and advanced analytical methods for detecting microplastics in the environment. The methods covered include visual analysis, electron microscopy, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, mass spectrometry, and flow cytometry, providing a comprehensive overview of available tools for microplastic identification and quantification.

2022 Environmental Chemistry Letters 276 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of polypropylene : proportion of microplastics formed and assessment of their density.

This study quantified microplastic formation during UV degradation of polypropylene and characterized the chemical changes in the polymer structure caused by photooxidation. UV exposure was shown to generate new particles and alter chemical composition in ways that may change microplastic toxicity and environmental behavior.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Methods and challenges in the detection of microplastics and nanoplastics: a mini‐review

This review evaluated the strengths and weaknesses of analytical methods used to detect and identify microplastics and nanoplastics, including microscopy, spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry techniques. Researchers identified key challenges such as distinguishing genuine environmental microplastics from contamination introduced during sample collection and processing. The study provides recommendations for improving data quality and reliability in microplastic research.

2021 Polymer International 177 citations
Article Tier 2

A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples

Researchers compared microscopic and spectroscopic methods for analyzing microplastics in environmental samples, evaluating accuracy and efficiency and finding that spectroscopic confirmation substantially reduces misidentification errors.

2015 Marine Pollution Bulletin 820 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics monitoring in different environments: separation, physicochemical characterization, and quantification

Researchers systematically monitored microplastic contamination across multiple environments including a wastewater treatment plant, surrounding water bodies, and soils near plastic factories, characterizing shape, size, color, and polymer composition via microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. They found fragments and fibers to be the most common microplastic shapes in water environments and documented simultaneous contamination across all sampled matrices.

2025 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Article Tier 2

Multiparameter characterisation of a nano-polypropylene representative test material with fractionation, light scattering, high-resolution microscopy, spectroscopy, and spectrometry methods

This study comprehensively characterised a nano-polypropylene reference material using a battery of analytical techniques to understand its size, shape, and surface properties — filling a critical gap because researchers currently lack standardised nanoplastic reference materials. Reliable reference materials are essential for producing comparable, reproducible data across laboratories studying nanoplastic risks.

2026 Environmental Science Nano
Article Tier 2

A novel method for purification, quantitative analysis and characterization of microplastic fibers using Micro-FTIR

Researchers developed an improved method for purifying, quantifying, and characterizing microplastic fibers using micro-FTIR spectroscopy, addressing the challenge that fibers are harder to process and identify than other microplastic shapes. The method improvements enable more accurate characterization of this common but technically challenging category of environmental microplastics.

2019 Chemosphere 191 citations
Article Tier 2

High-resolution characterization technology for micro-/nano-plastics

This review provides an overview of advanced technologies for detecting and characterizing micro- and nanoplastics, including Raman spectroscopy, infrared imaging, and mass spectrometry techniques. Researchers evaluated the capabilities and limitations of each method, particularly for identifying the smallest plastic particles that are most challenging to measure. The study emphasizes that improving detection at the nanoscale is essential for accurately assessing the environmental and health risks of plastic pollution.

2024 Journal of Physics D Applied Physics 6 citations
Article Tier 2

An investigation on the applications of advanced Infrared Spectroscopy, Spectral Imaging and Machine Learning for Polymer Characterization, including microplastics

This study integrated advanced infrared spectroscopy, spectral imaging, chemometrics, and machine learning to identify and characterize microplastics and polymer degradation products. The combination of techniques improved both the accuracy and throughput of MP analysis compared to conventional methods.

2025 Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin)
Article Tier 2

Contributions of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in microplastic pollution research: A review

This review covers advances in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy techniques — including chemical imaging — for identifying polymer types in microplastic samples and tracing their fate in different environmental matrices.

2020 Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 480 citations
Article Tier 2

Short-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging of microplastics: Effects of chemical and physical processes on spectral signatures and detection capabilities

Researchers evaluated short-wave infrared hyperspectral imaging for rapid microplastic detection and polymer identification, testing the effects of various physical and chemical weathering agents on spectral signatures and finding the technique effective for identifying multiple polymer types in complex samples.

2025 Journal of environmental chemical engineering
Article Tier 2

Raman and ATR-FTIR unmask crystallinity changes and carboxylate group and vinyl group accumulation in natural weathering polypropylene microplastics

Scientists used advanced spectroscopy techniques to study how polypropylene microplastics change as they weather naturally on a Japanese beach. They found that sunlight exposure creates new chemical groups on the plastic surface, including carboxylate and vinyl groups, and alters the material's crystal structure. These chemical changes are important because weathered microplastics may release different toxic compounds and interact differently with the environment than fresh plastics.

2025 Scientific Reports 38 citations
Review Tier 2

Analysing micro- and nanoplastics with cutting-edge infrared spectroscopy techniques: a critical review

This review evaluates cutting-edge infrared spectroscopy techniques for detecting and analyzing micro- and nanoplastics in environmental and food samples. Better detection methods are crucial for understanding human exposure because they allow scientists to measure smaller particles more accurately, including nanoplastics that are small enough to cross biological barriers and accumulate in human tissues.

2024 Analytical Methods 44 citations
Article Tier 2

Advanced analytical techniques for microplastics in the environment: a review

Researchers reviewed the most advanced laboratory tools for detecting and identifying microplastics in environmental samples — including infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography — summarizing the strengths and weaknesses of each technique to help researchers choose the right method for accurate microplastic analysis.

2023 Bulletin of the National Research Centre/Bulletin of the National Research Center 56 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of aged microplastics: a review

This review looks at how microplastics change over time in the environment through exposure to sunlight, temperature changes, and biological activity. Aging alters the surface properties of microplastics, which can make them more toxic and change how they interact with other pollutants. Advanced techniques like infrared and Raman spectroscopy are the best current methods for identifying and tracking these aged microplastics in environmental samples.

2024 Environmental Chemistry Letters 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterizing photochemical ageing processes of microplastic materials using multivariate analysis of infrared spectra

Researchers tracked how four common plastic types weather under UV light and sunlight over six months, using infrared spectroscopy and multivariate analysis to characterize surface chemistry changes. They found that polypropylene weathered fastest, while all plastics showed photooxidation at different rates depending on light source. The study proposes a multivariate spectral approach as a more broadly applicable method than the traditional carbonyl index for assessing microplastic aging.

2021 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 52 citations