Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

The Concept of One Health for Allergic Diseases and Asthma

This review examined how climate change, biodiversity loss, and environmental pollutants including microplastics contribute to rising allergic disease prevalence worldwide, advocating for a One Health approach that integrates human, animal, and ecosystem health strategies.

2023 Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Risk factors for the prevalence and development of allergic diseases

This review synthesized evidence on risk factors for the development of allergic diseases, covering genetic predisposition, early-life microbial exposure, diet, air pollution, and emerging exposures including microplastics. The authors discuss how environmental changes have driven rising allergy prevalence and identify microplastics as a candidate contributing factor warranting further study.

2024 Liječnički vjesnik
Article Tier 2

One Health in allergology: A concept that connects humans, animals, plants, and the environment

This review applies the One Health framework to allergology, arguing that the increasing prevalence of allergic diseases reflects interconnections between human, animal, and environmental health, with environmental contaminants including microplastics among the discussed contributing factors.

2021 Allergy 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Confronting allergies: strategies for combating pollution and safeguarding our health

This review examined the growing body of evidence linking environmental pollutants, including airborne microplastics, to increasing rates of allergic reactions worldwide. Researchers found that air pollution and indoor contaminants can worsen respiratory allergies, while climate change intensifies seasonal allergy patterns. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive action including government regulation and public awareness to reduce pollution-driven allergy risks.

2025 Frontiers in Allergy 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Asthma and allergic diseases: Cross talk of immune system and environmental factors

This review summarizes current understanding of how environmental factors, including the microbiome and geographic location, influence immune regulation in the context of allergy and asthma. Researchers examined how different routes of exposure to environmental agents interact with both innate and adaptive immune responses. The study highlights the need for comprehensive investigation of environmentally driven immune changes to better understand disease prevention and progression.

2023 European Journal of Immunology 19 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Climate change and the epithelial barrier theory in allergic diseases: A One Health approach to a green environment

This review links climate change and increased environmental pollution to the weakening of epithelial barriers in the skin, gut, and lungs, contributing to the rise of allergic diseases worldwide. The paper specifically identifies microplastics alongside other pollutants as agents that damage epithelial barriers, suggesting a mechanism by which microplastic exposure could contribute to allergies and autoimmune conditions.

2023 Allergy 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and food allergy

This review applies the epithelial barrier hypothesis to food allergy, arguing that environmental exposures including microplastics, nanoplastics, food additives, and detergents disrupt gut and skin barriers and drive the rise in allergic disease.

2024 Rivista di immunologia ed allergologia pediatrica. 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease

This review proposes the 'epithelial barrier hypothesis,' which suggests that modern environmental exposures, including microplastics, air pollution, and processed food additives, are damaging the protective barriers of our skin, gut, and airways. When these barriers break down, foreign substances and bacteria can enter the body and trigger allergic and inflammatory diseases, which have been increasing rapidly in recent decades. The research suggests microplastics may be one of many environmental factors driving the rise in conditions like asthma, food allergies, and eczema.

2022 Allergy 371 citations
Article Tier 2

Allergy and immunotoxicology in preventive and clinical medicine from theory to practice: Environmental factors in bronchial asthma

This review applies an exposome framework to bronchial asthma, identifying living-environment pollutants including microplastics, air pollution, tobacco smoke, climate change, and dietary changes as contributors to asthma pathogenesis and exacerbation.

2024 SANGYO EISEIGAKU ZASSHI 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma

Researchers reviewed the cellular and molecular mechanisms behind allergic asthma, finding that rising exposure to environmental pollutants — including microplastics — likely contributes to the disease's increasing prevalence, as pollutants disrupt airway barrier integrity and trigger immune responses that lead to chronic airway inflammation.

2021 Molecular Aspects of Medicine 243 citations
Article Tier 2

Alergia alimentaria y contaminación ambiental

This paper is not primarily about microplastics; it reviews how environmental exposures — including air pollutants and poor waste management — contribute to allergic disease in children, with microplastics mentioned only briefly as one component of the broader environmental exposome.

2023 Revista Alergia México 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The Relationship Between Dietary Patterns and the Epidemiology of Food Allergy

This review explores why food allergies are increasing worldwide, particularly in urbanized societies, and how dietary patterns may play a role. The shift toward processed Western diets with less fiber appears to weaken the gut barrier and promote chronic inflammation, contributing to food allergy development. The authors note that environmental exposures including microplastics may also be significant factors, though more research is needed to determine their specific contribution.

2024 Allergy 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Immune-mediated disease caused by climate change-associated environmental hazards: mitigation and adaptation

This review examines how climate change-driven events like wildfires, dust storms, and heatwaves increase air pollution and allergen exposure, contributing to rising rates of asthma, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The paper specifically notes that nanoplastics, alongside other environmental pollutants, can disrupt skin and mucous membrane barriers and alter the microbiome in ways that trigger immune system dysfunction.

2024 Frontiers in Science 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Immune Disruption and Disease Development by Microplastic Exposure

This review synthesized growing evidence that microplastic and nanoplastic exposure disrupts the human immune system, covering how particles ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through skin can trigger inflammation, impair immune cell function, and potentially contribute to autoimmune and allergic conditions.

2025 American journal of student research.
Article Tier 2

The External Exposome and Allergies: From the Perspective of the Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis

This review examines how environmental changes including air pollution, global warming, and shifting dietary habits damage epithelial barriers in the body, contributing to increased rates of allergies and inflammation. The authors highlight the need for public awareness and government policies to address the health effects of environmental exposures on current and future generations.

2022 Frontiers in Allergy 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Skin, gut, and lung barrier: Physiological interface and target of intervention for preventing and treating allergic diseases

This review summarizes how the protective barriers of our skin, gut, and lungs can be damaged by environmental factors including microplastics, leading to allergic conditions like asthma, food allergies, and eczema. The authors explain that a person's genetics, microbiome, and environmental exposures all contribute to barrier breakdown, and they highlight current treatments as well as gaps in care for these increasingly common conditions.

2024 Allergy 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Autoimmune Diseases and Microplastic Pollution: Joining the Dots

This review examines the emerging literature connecting microplastic pollution with autoimmune disease development, discussing mechanisms by which plastic particles and their chemical additives could trigger immune dysregulation. The authors identify oxidative stress, gut microbiome disruption, and molecular mimicry as plausible pathways linking chronic microplastic exposure to autoimmune conditions.

2024 Indian Journal of Medical Specialities 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Unraveling the impact of microplastics on autoimmune diseases: hidden dangers and environmental triggers

This review examines the emerging evidence linking microplastic exposure to the development and progression of autoimmune disorders. Researchers found that microplastics can modulate immune gene expression, trigger excessive reactive oxygen species in immune cells, and promote inflammatory cytokine release, potentially creating conditions favorable for autoantibody production. The study highlights microplastics as a plausible environmental trigger for autoimmune conditions, though direct causal evidence in humans remains limited.

2026 Environmental Geochemistry and Health
Article Tier 2

Climate Change, Exposome Change, and Allergy

Researchers review how climate change amplifies exposure to allergens and co-stressors including air pollution, temperature extremes, and nutritional shifts, finding that these intersecting exposome changes disproportionately worsen allergic respiratory diseases in vulnerable populations.

2023 Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Epithelial Barrier Theory: The Role of Exposome, Microbiome, and Barrier Function in Allergic Diseases

This review presents the epithelial barrier theory, which proposes that damage to the body's protective barriers is a key driver of allergic diseases. Researchers identified numerous environmental factors including microplastics, nanoparticles, detergents, and processed food additives that can weaken epithelial barriers in the skin, lungs, and gut. The study suggests that the rising prevalence of allergies may be linked to increasing exposure to barrier-disrupting substances in our modern environment.

2023 Allergy Asthma and Immunology Research 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Oral exposure to nano- and microplastics: Potential effects in food allergies?

This review explored whether exposure to nano- and microplastics through food could contribute to the rising rates of food allergies worldwide. Researchers found that these tiny plastic particles may alter the structure of food allergens, increase gut permeability, promote intestinal inflammation, and disrupt the immune system. While direct evidence is still limited, the study suggests that microplastics in the diet could potentially heighten sensitivity to food allergens.

2024 Allergy medicine. 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Winds of change a tale of: asthma and microbiome

This review explores the relationship between the human microbiome and asthma, considering how environmental factors including air pollution and microplastics may influence microbial communities in the airways. Researchers found that changes in the lung and gut microbiome are associated with altered immune responses that can worsen asthma symptoms. The study suggests that environmental exposures, including airborne microplastics, may contribute to asthma development by disrupting the body's natural microbial balance.

2023 Frontiers in Microbiology 17 citations
Article Tier 2

The Impact of Microplastics on Allergy: Current Status and Future Research Directions

This study reviews current evidence on how microplastics may influence allergic responses, noting that microplastics can compromise epithelial barriers and promote type 2 inflammation associated with allergies. The authors emphasize an urgent need for research into dose-dependent immunotoxicological mechanisms to better understand the relationship between microplastic exposure and allergy development. The study calls for evidence-based policies to reduce microplastic exposure and its potential contribution to the growing allergy burden.

2025 International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Epithelial Barrier: Protector and Trigger of Allergic Disorders

This review explores the epithelial barrier hypothesis, which proposes that disruption of skin, lung, and gut epithelial barriers by environmental exposures such as microplastics and pollutants drives the rising incidence of allergic and inflammatory diseases.

2022 Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 18 citations