Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Do We Speak the Same Language for Reference Particles in Microplastic Research?

This paper argues that the microplastics research community lacks agreement on standardized reference particles for laboratory experiments, making it difficult to compare results across studies. The authors call for consensus on definitions and materials to improve the reproducibility and policy relevance of microplastic research.

2022 Microplastics 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic's story

This review retraced the history of microplastic research from first observations through to current global distribution data, cataloguing definitional debates, classification systems, and characterization techniques while identifying unresolved questions about persistence, fate, and ecological impact.

2020 Marine Pollution Bulletin 94 citations
Article Tier 2

A proposed nomenclature for microplastic contaminants

Researchers propose a standardized naming system for microplastic contaminants to improve consistency across scientific studies. Clear, agreed-upon definitions are essential for comparing data across labs and regions, which is critical for understanding the true scope of microplastic pollution.

2021 Marine Pollution Bulletin 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Towards a definition of microplastics : Considerations for the specification of physico-chemical properties

This report from the Dutch National Institute for Public Health proposes a formal definition of microplastics based on physicochemical properties, and provides a decision framework for classifying particles. Agreed definitions are foundational to standardizing microplastic research and regulation across Europe.

2017 Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) 67 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification of microplastics: Which parameters are essential for a reliable inter-study comparison?

Inconsistent measurement methods make it very difficult to compare microplastic data across studies. This paper proposes standardized guidelines for quantifying microplastic size and shape distributions, which would allow scientists to better track pollution levels over time and across locations.

2020 Marine Pollution Bulletin 33 citations
Article Tier 2

How small a nanoplastic can be? A discussion on the size of this ubiquitous pollutant

Researchers explored the question of how small nanoplastic particles can actually be, highlighting the lack of standardized size definitions for this emerging pollutant. They examined the analytical challenges involved in detecting and characterizing nanoplastics at the smallest scales. The study calls for a clearer framework around nanoplastic size boundaries, since particle size is a key factor influencing toxicity and environmental behavior.

2025 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in food - a critical approach to definition, sample preparation, and characterisation

This review critically examines how microplastics in food are defined, extracted, and analyzed across different studies, finding significant inconsistencies that make it hard to compare results. The lack of standardized methods for isolating and identifying microplastics in food means that contamination levels may be over- or underestimated. The authors call for unified research methods to enable credible assessments of how dietary microplastic exposure affects health.

2023 Food Chemistry 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris

This review examines the full lifecycle of microplastic pollution, from how plastics enter waterways to how they degrade and interact with ecosystems. Researchers found that microplastics serve as carriers for chemical pollutants and pathogens, and that their small size allows them to be ingested by a wide range of organisms across the food chain. The study emphasizes that understanding the fate and transport of microplastics is essential for developing effective pollution mitigation strategies.

2019 Environmental Science & Technology 2534 citations
Article Tier 2

Development of new microplastic reference particles for usage in pre-defined numbers

This study developed new microplastic reference particles with defined numbers of particles per unit, addressing the lack of standardized reference materials that has hampered comparability across microplastic research studies and analytical methods.

2023 Research Square (Research Square) 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The emergence of microplastics: charting the path from research to regulations

This study summarized recent groundbreaking microplastic research and emerging regulations, charting the path from scientific discovery to policy action and providing recommendations to overcome remaining regulatory barriers.

2023 Environmental Science Advances 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics

This overview paper introduced the topic of microplastics — their origins, classification, environmental distribution, and ecological significance — as an entry point into the broader field of plastic pollution science. It contextualizes current research challenges and policy needs.

2024 Microplastics
Article Tier 2

The use of reference material in microplastic research: general aspects

This paper discussed general considerations for using certified reference materials in microplastic research, arguing that standardized reference materials are essential for ensuring that measurements are reproducible and comparable across different laboratories and studies. The lack of such standards remains a major limitation in the field.

2017
Article Tier 2

Difficulties in Comparison Among Different Microplastic Studies: The Inconsistency of Results and Lack of Guide Values

This commentary examines the inconsistency of results across microplastic studies, arguing that differences in sampling methods, size thresholds, polymer identification protocols, and reporting formats make it nearly impossible to compare findings across studies or establish guide values for environmental management.

2021 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Scientists Reviewed 7,000 Studies on Microplastics.

This review article summarizes a comprehensive evaluation of 7,000 studies on microplastics compiled 20 years after the term was coined in a landmark Science paper, synthesizing two decades of research on environmental accumulation of microplastic particles and fibres.

2025 Chemistry International
Article Tier 2

Addressing the complexities of microplastic particles and their effects from the laboratory

This review addressed the complexity of microplastic pollution research, examining why consensus on health and ecosystem effects remains elusive despite high scientific and public interest. The authors argue that the extraordinary diversity of microplastic particle types makes general conclusions about harm difficult and call for more targeted research approaches.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Rethinking microplastics as a diverse contaminant suite

Researchers argue that the term microplastics oversimplifies what is actually a hugely diverse class of contaminants varying in size, shape, polymer type, and chemical additives. Treating all microplastics as a single pollutant leads to studies and regulations that may miss critical differences in how various particles behave and affect organisms. The study calls for a more nuanced approach that treats microplastics as a contaminant suite, similar to how pesticides or pharmaceuticals are categorized.

2019 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 1131 citations
Article Tier 2

Microfibers: a preliminary discussion on their definition and sources

This paper proposes clearer definitions for "microfibers" as a distinct category of microplastics and reviews their major environmental sources, noting that they are found nearly everywhere and released from both synthetic and natural textiles. Clearer terminology is important for comparability across research studies and for developing targeted policy responses to fiber pollution.

2019 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 141 citations
Article Tier 2

How problems with microplastics in research and application can be overcome

This methodological review addressed common problems in micro- and nanoplastic research, including challenges in hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk characterization arising from the complex mixture nature of MNPs. The authors proposed practical solutions and standardization approaches to improve the reliability of microplastic risk assessments.

2025 Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana)
Article Tier 2

Navigating regulatory complexity: Challenges and shifting problem framings in turning microplastics into a European policy object

This paper analyzed the challenges regulators face in governing micro- and nanoplastics, examining how shifting problem framings, ambiguous definitions, and material heterogeneity have destabilized regulatory efforts. The study traced how disputes over whether microplastics are a safety or environmental issue have complicated the development of coherent international regulatory frameworks.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

The Challenge of the Analysis of Nanoplastics in the Environment: Current Status and Perspectives

This review examines the analytical challenges of detecting and characterising nanoplastics in environmental samples, presenting the state of the art in size determination, chemical composition analysis, and quantification techniques, as well as a survey of nanoplastic model materials used in the literature.

2022
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution - what have we learned from the last 20 years of research and what are the priorities ahead?

This paper reviewed two decades of microplastic research progress, from the 2004 discovery paper through current knowledge on sources, environmental distribution, and effects. Key findings are that the field has matured substantially, though standardized methodologies and long-term health impact data are still needed.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Analytical methodologies used for screening micro(nano)plastics in (eco)toxicity tests

Researchers reviewed how scientists analyze microplastics and nanoplastics in toxicity experiments, finding widespread inconsistency in how the particles are characterized before testing — including their size, shape, and chemical makeup. Better standardization of these measurements is essential for comparing results across studies and accurately assessing how microplastics harm living organisms.

2022 Green Analytical Chemistry 19 citations
Review Tier 2

Emerging investigator series: microplastic sources, fate, toxicity, detection, and interactions with micropollutants in aquatic ecosystems – a review of reviews

This comprehensive review of reviews analyzed hundreds of studies on microplastic sources, fate, toxicity, and interactions with other pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. Researchers found contradictions among existing studies and emphasized the critical need to standardize methods for microplastic characterization to improve comparability and reproducibility of research.

2022 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 59 citations
Article Tier 2

Current opinion: What is a nanoplastic?

This opinion piece proposes a definition for nanoplastics — particles unintentionally produced from plastic degradation or manufacturing that exhibit colloidal behavior within the 1 to 1000 nm size range — aiming to resolve ongoing debate over terminology in the field.

2018 Environmental Pollution 1742 citations