Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Microplastics identification and quantification in the composted Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste

Researchers quantified microplastics in composted organic municipal solid waste from five facilities, finding contamination levels that raise concerns about compost quality and the potential transfer of microplastics to agricultural soils through organic waste recycling.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 125 citations
Article Tier 2

Comprehensive understanding of microplastics in compost: Ecological risks and degradation mechanisms

This review examines how microplastics enter soil through compost made from household waste, sewage sludge, and agricultural waste. Microplastics in compost can disrupt soil structure, reduce fertility, and persist in the environment long after application. Since compost is widely used in farming, this represents a significant pathway for microplastics to contaminate agricultural soil and potentially enter the food chain.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as an underestimated emerging contaminant in solid organic waste and their biological products: Occurrence, fate and ecological risks

This review identified solid organic waste streams including compost, sewage sludge, and food waste as important but underappreciated repositories of microplastics that can reintroduce particles into agricultural soils and water systems. The authors call for standardized monitoring of microplastics in organic waste before environmental application.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 71 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

A systematic review of the occurrence of microplastics in compost: Understanding the abundance, sources, characteristics and ecological risk

Researchers reviewed 19 global studies and found microplastics in virtually all types of compost — including those made from animal manure, sewage sludge, and municipal waste — with concentrations reaching up to 288,000 particles per kilogram in some samples. Since compost is widely applied to farmland, these findings highlight a significant but overlooked pathway for microplastics to enter soils and the food chain.

2024 Results in Engineering 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in composts, digestates, and food wastes: A review

This review examines how food waste composting and recycling processes can introduce microplastics into agricultural soil. When food waste mixed with plastic packaging is composted or processed through anaerobic digestion, microplastic fragments can end up in the soil amendments spread on farmland. The findings highlight an overlooked pathway by which microplastics enter the food chain, as crops grown in contaminated compost may absorb or accumulate plastic particles.

2023 Journal of Environmental Quality 87 citations
Article Tier 2

From waste to resource: unveiling the nexus between compost, microplastics, and agroecosystem

This review examines how compost derived from municipal waste introduces microplastics into agricultural soils, with polypropylene, polyethylene, and PET being the most commonly found polymers. Researchers found that smaller microplastic particles pose greater risks to agroecosystem sustainability, and that even bioplastics can persist as a non-point source of contamination. The study suggests that adding biochar during composting and stricter monitoring of feedstock quality could help reduce microplastic contamination.

2026 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution and the related ecological risks of organic composts from different raw materials

Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination in 124 organic compost samples made from livestock manure, poultry waste, crop straw, and solid waste, finding that all types contained significant microplastic loads. Solid waste compost had the highest levels while crop straw compost had the lowest, and the particles showed signs of weathering and mineral attachment. The findings suggest that applying organic compost to farmland may be an underappreciated source of microplastic pollution entering agricultural soils.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 66 citations
Article Tier 2

Determination and quantification of microplastics in compost

Researchers analyzed commercially available compost products to determine how much microplastic contamination they contain. They found microplastics in all tested composts, with fibers and fragments being the most common forms, primarily made of polyethylene and polypropylene. The findings raise concerns that applying commercial compost to agricultural land may be an overlooked pathway for introducing microplastics into soil.

2024 Environmental Quality Management 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Long-term application of organic compost is the primary contributor to microplastic pollution of soils in a wheat–maize rotation

Researchers found that 11 years of organic compost application was the primary contributor to microplastic accumulation in wheat-maize rotation soils, with pig and cow manure composts introducing significant quantities of microplastic particles into agricultural fields.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 82 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Plastics and other extraneous matter in municipal solid waste compost: A systematic review of sources, occurrence, implications, and fate in amended soils

Researchers reviewed contamination in municipal compost made from household organic waste, finding plastics are the most prevalent pollutant — with some batches containing enough plastic to deposit over 500 kg per hectare of farmland each year. Repeated use of contaminated compost builds up microplastics in soil, threatening soil health and potentially moving plastic particles into crops and food.

2024 Environmental Advances 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Unveiling the abundance and potential impacts of microplastic contamination in commercial organic fertilizers/compost produced from different solid waste

Researchers analyzed commercial organic fertilizers made from different waste sources and found microplastics in 80% of the samples, with compost from mixed municipal waste containing the highest levels. The estimated amounts of microplastics being introduced into agricultural soils through these fertilizers exceeded previous reports. The study highlights the need for stricter regulations on organic fertilizer quality to prevent microplastic contamination of farmland.

2024 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Do contaminants compromise the use of recycled nutrients in organic agriculture? A review and synthesis of current knowledge on contaminant concentrations, fate in the environment and risk assessment

This review examines whether recycled nutrients from waste streams, such as sewage sludge and compost, introduce harmful contaminants including microplastics into organic farmland. While levels of heavy metals and many pollutants have decreased in European waste streams, microplastic contamination in agricultural soil remains widespread and poorly understood. The review highlights that spreading waste-derived fertilizers on farmland is a significant pathway for microplastics to enter the food production system.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic in Australian processed organics: Abundance, characteristics and potential transport to soil ecosystem

Researchers analyzed processed organic waste products from 11 facilities across Australia and found microplastics in every sample, with concentrations ranging from 1,500 to 16,000 particles per kilogram. They estimated that billions to trillions of microplastic particles could be transferred to Australian soils annually through the application of compost and biosolids. The findings highlight that recycling organic waste, while beneficial for waste reduction, may inadvertently spread microplastic contamination to agricultural land.

2025 Journal of Environmental Management 15 citations
Article Tier 2

The treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as a possible source of micro- and nano-plastics and bioplastics in agroecosystems: a review

Researchers reviewed how treating municipal organic waste — like food scraps — for compost and fertilizer introduces micro- and nanoplastics, including fragments of biodegradable plastics, into farmland soils, with current data too limited to fully assess the contamination risk of applying this waste to agricultural fields.

2022 Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and identification of microplastics in organic fertilizers: the implication for the manufacture and safe application

Researchers measured microplastic contamination in 23 commercial organic fertilizers, finding widespread presence at levels that could meaningfully contribute to agricultural soil pollution when fertilizers are applied. The results raise concerns about organic fertilizers as an underappreciated pathway for microplastics entering farm soils and the food system.

2022 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Compost‐Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost

This review examines microplastics hosted in municipal solid waste compost, addressing a gap in research that has largely focused on marine ecosystems, and discussing the sources, prevalence, and potential impacts of microplastics in compost on terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, and soil health.

2023 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Abundance in the Locally Produced Commercial Compost and the Characteristics

Researchers measured microplastic abundance in locally produced commercial compost, characterizing particle morphology, size, and polymer type. The compost contained measurable microplastic concentrations dominated by polyester fibres and polyethylene fragments, confirming that commercial composting does not eliminate microplastic contamination and may serve as a route for soil plastic input.

2024 Tropical Agricultural Research 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Composting treatment increases the risk of microplastics pollution in process and compost products

Researchers found that the composting process actually increases microplastic contamination rather than reducing it, breaking larger plastic pieces into smaller, more numerous particles. Even when visible plastics were sorted out before composting, the final compost still contained thousands of microplastic particles per kilogram. Since compost is widely applied to farm fields, this study reveals an overlooked pathway for microplastics to enter agricultural soil and potentially the food supply.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in organic fertilizers in China

Researchers surveyed microplastic contamination in organic fertilizers across China, finding widespread plastic particles in compost, manure, and biosolids, identifying fertilizer application as an emerging pathway for microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 129 citations
Article Tier 2

Biowaste Compost Amendment is a Source of Microplastic Pollution in Agricultural Soils

Researchers found microplastics in Indian agricultural soils amended with biowaste compost, with concentrations increasing in proportion to years of compost application. Polypropylene was the dominant polymer type, showing that compost amendments can introduce microplastics into farmland soils.

2023 Global NEST Journal 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Organic fertilizer as a vehicle for the entry of microplastic into the environment

Researchers analyzed organic fertilizers produced from biowaste composting and fermentation and found microplastic particles in all samples tested. The contamination likely enters the fertilizer through improperly sorted household waste that includes plastic packaging and other synthetic materials. The study identifies organic fertilizer application as a previously overlooked pathway for introducing microplastics into agricultural soils, which could have implications for soil health and food safety.

2018 Science Advances 1004 citations
Article Tier 2

The Cost of Plastics in Compost

This study examined the cost and time associated with removing plastics from green waste before composting in Malawi, finding that plastic contamination is a major barrier to making composting economically viable. Plastic in compost feedstocks spreads microplastics into soils when the compost is applied to farm fields.

2021 Frontiers in Sustainability 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution characteristics of microplastics in typical organic solid wastes and their biologically treated products

Researchers extracted and characterized microplastics from food waste, livestock manure, sludge, and their composted or digested products, finding MPs in all organic waste types with concentrations varying by matrix. The study highlights organic waste management pathways as an understudied route for microplastic transfer to agricultural soils.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination of organic fertilisers applied to agricultural soils

This study examined microplastic contamination in organic fertilizers applied to agricultural soils, finding plastic particles in multiple fertilizer types. Organic fertilizers derived from sewage sludge or compost can introduce microplastics into farmland, potentially contaminating crops and groundwater.

2023 SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository