Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Feasibility of Raman and FTIR spectroscopy for direct microplastic search in the human milk samples: Comparative qualitative study

Researchers tested whether infrared and Raman spectroscopy could detect microplastics directly in human breast milk without harsh chemical processing that might damage the samples. They found these methods can serve as a useful screening tool for common plastics like polyethylene and polystyrene in milk, which matters because breast milk is a direct route of microplastic exposure for infants.

2025 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Detection of diverse microplastic polymers in human breast milk

Researchers detected microplastics in human breast milk samples using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, identifying a range of polymer types including polyethylene, polypropylene, and others, raising concerns about infant exposure to plastics during breastfeeding.

2025 The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)
Article Tier 2

Detection and characterization of small-sized microplastics (≥ 5 µm) in milk products

Researchers developed a new micro-Raman methodology to detect and characterize microplastics as small as 5 micrometers in milk products, identifying polyethylene and polystyrene particles in tested samples and providing a reliable analytical approach for food contamination assessment.

2021 Scientific Reports 200 citations
Article Tier 2

Sample Preparation Protocol for the Extraction and Raman analysis of Small Microplastics in Infant Milk Formula

Researchers published a standard operating procedure for extracting microplastics from infant milk formula using optimized chemical digestion steps to remove proteins, fats, and carbohydrates while preserving microplastic integrity for subsequent µ-Raman spectroscopy identification.

2025 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Sample Preparation Protocol for the Extraction and Raman analysis of Small Microplastics in Infant Milk Formula

Researchers developed a standardized sample preparation protocol for extracting and characterizing microplastics (1-1000 µm) from infant milk formula using chemical digestion to remove complex organic matrix components while preserving particle integrity for µ-Raman spectroscopy analysis.

2025 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Microplastic and nanoplastic analysis in drinking water and indoor air with Raman micro-spectroscopy

Raman micro-spectroscopy was used to detect and characterize micro- and nanoplastics in drinking water and indoor air, demonstrating the technique's value for assessing human exposure to plastic particles across multiple environments.

2023
Article Tier 2

Raman Spectroscopic Detection of Silicone Leakage in Human Breast and Lymph Node Tissues

This paper is not relevant to microplastics; it uses Raman spectroscopy to detect silicone leakage from ruptured breast implants in human tissue samples.

2023 Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Detection of Microplastics in Human Breast Milk and Its Association with Changes in Human Milk Bacterial Microbiota

Researchers detected microplastics in nearly 39% of breast milk samples from 59 mothers, with polypropylene and polyethylene being the most common types found. The presence of microplastics was linked to changes in the bacterial makeup of breast milk, raising concerns about early-life microplastic exposure in infants during breastfeeding.

2024 Journal of Clinical Medicine 57 citations
Article Tier 2

Detection and quantification of microplastics in milk from Chandigarh, India: a pilot study highlighting SFEC-based spectral validation

Scientists found tiny plastic particles in all milk samples they tested from India, including both store-bought and farm-fresh milk. The plastic pieces came from common materials like water bottles and food packaging, with concentrations ranging from about 100 to 270 particles per liter of milk. While this is just a small pilot study, it suggests people may be consuming microplastics through milk, though more research is needed to understand any potential health risks.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Microplastic identification using Raman microsocpy

Researchers developed and implemented a Raman spectroscopy system for rapid detection and identification of microplastic particles on substrates. The system enables efficient chemical characterization of microplastics found across diverse environmental matrices including ocean, lakes, soil, beach sediment, and human blood.

2022 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Detection and quantification of microplastics in milk from Chandigarh, India: a pilot study highlighting SFEC-based spectral validation

Scientists found tiny plastic particles in all milk samples they tested from India, including both store-bought and farm-fresh milk. The plastic pieces were very small (called "microplastics") and came from common materials like water bottles and food packaging. While this is the first clear proof that microplastics are getting into our milk supply, we still need bigger studies to understand what health risks this might pose to people who drink milk regularly.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Raman microspectroscopic analysis of fibers in beverages

Researchers demonstrated that Raman microspectroscopy can reliably distinguish between synthetic and natural fibers in beverage samples, providing a rapid method for detecting microplastic fiber contamination in drinks.

2016 Analytical Methods 145 citations
Article Tier 2

Accuracy assessment of a micro-Raman spectroscopy method for small microplastic particles in infant milk formula

Researchers conducted an interlaboratory comparison to assess the accuracy of micro-Raman spectroscopy for detecting small microplastics (5-100 micrometers) in infant milk powder. The study achieved high recovery rates of 82-88% using PET reference materials, confirming the method's accuracy and reproducibility across laboratories, supporting efforts to standardize microplastic monitoring in food safety.

2025 Talanta Open 1 citations
Article Tier 2

How to Identify and Quantify Microplastics and Nanoplastics Using Raman Imaging?

This paper reviews advances in Raman imaging as a method for identifying and quantifying microplastics and nanoplastics in environmental samples, discussing current protocols, analytical challenges, and the need for standardization.

2024 Analytical Chemistry 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Detection and quantification of microplastics in milk from Chandigarh, India: a pilot study highlighting SFEC-based spectral validation

Scientists found tiny plastic particles in all milk samples they tested from India, including both store-bought and farm-fresh milk. The plastic pieces came from common materials like water bottles and food packaging, with concentrations ranging from about 100 to 270 particles per liter of milk. While this is just a small pilot study, it shows that microplastics may be getting into dairy products we drink regularly, though more research is needed to understand any health risks.

2026 Food Additives & Contaminants Part A
Systematic Review Tier 1

Raman spectroscopy for microplastic detection in water sources: a systematic review

This systematic review summarizes how Raman spectroscopy, a type of light-based analysis, is used to identify microplastics in drinking water, oceans, and wastewater. Polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene were among the most commonly detected plastics across all water sources. Better detection methods like this are essential for understanding the extent of microplastic contamination in the water we drink.

2022 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 136 citations
Article Tier 2

Isolating microplastics from human milk: a chemical digestion approach for effective polymer extraction and ATR-FTIR analysis

Researchers developed and evaluated a chemical digestion method for isolating microplastics from human breast milk, addressing the challenges posed by the high fat and protein content of this matrix. The method enabled ATR-FTIR polymer identification of MPs extracted from milk samples, providing a validated protocol for studying infant dietary MP exposure.

2025 The International Islamic University Malaysia Repository (The International Islamic University Malaysia)
Article Tier 2

A Study on the Distribution Characteristics of Microplastics in the Atmosphere Using Spectroscopic Analysis

Using micro-Raman spectroscopy, researchers identified and characterized microplastics in atmospheric fine dust samples collected with a high-volume air sampler. The study confirms that microplastics are present in fine airborne particulates, contributing to evidence that humans are exposed to plastic particles through inhalation.

2023 Journal of Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Raman Spectral Imaging for the Detection of Inhalable Microplastics in Ambient Particulate Matter Samples

Researchers developed a filter-based sampling method compatible with Raman spectral imaging to detect inhalable-sized microplastics in ambient air samples. They successfully identified and mapped plastic particles as small as a few micrometers on sampling filters. The study provides a practical new analytical approach for measuring airborne microplastic exposure, an area where reliable detection methods have been lacking.

2019 Environmental Science & Technology 143 citations
Article Tier 2

Study on Rapid Recognition of Marine Microplastics Based on Raman Spectroscopy

Researchers developed a rapid identification system for marine microplastics using Raman spectroscopy, enabling quick determination of plastic type and size. Fast, accurate identification tools are critical for monitoring the growing problem of microplastic pollution in ocean environments.

2021 Knowledge Repository of Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS (Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research) 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Raman Imaging Spectroscopy: History, Fundamentals and Current Scenario of the Technique

This review covers the history and principles of Raman imaging spectroscopy, a technique increasingly used to identify and map the chemical composition of microplastics in environmental samples. The review provides technical context for one of the most important tools in microplastic analysis.

2019 Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of microplastics from breastmilk storage bags and assessment of intake by infants: A preliminary study

Researchers tested six commercially available breastmilk storage bags and found they released large numbers of microplastic and submicron particles during simulated normal use. The particles were identified as plastics using spectroscopy analysis, raising questions about infant exposure through stored breastmilk. The study suggests that single-use plastic baby food packaging may be an overlooked source of microplastic ingestion for infants.

2023 Environmental Pollution 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Human Milk—The Biofluid That Nourishes Infants from the First Day of Life

This review highlights that human breast milk, while being the ideal nutrition for infants, is now subject to contamination by environmental pollutants including microplastics. The presence of microplastics in breast milk means that infants may be exposed to plastic particles from the very first days of life. The authors call for new monitoring methods to better understand the extent of contamination and its potential effects on infant development.

2024 Foods 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Raman-guided exploration of placental microplastic exposure: Unraveling the polymeric tapestry and assessing developmental implications

Scientists examined placentas from 50 women after delivery and found microplastics in 62% of them, with seven different plastic types identified including Teflon (PTFE), polystyrene, and ABS. While the particles did not appear to affect birth weight, length, or gestational age in this study, their widespread presence in placental tissue confirms that plastic pollution reaches developing babies before birth. More research is needed to understand potential long-term effects.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 26 citations