Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Research Progress on the Correlation between Environmental Phthalate Exposure and Thyroid Hormone Level

This review examines how phthalate plasticizers — widely used in food packaging, toys, and medical supplies — disrupt thyroid hormone levels after environmental release, drawing on epidemiological and toxicological evidence linking phthalate exposure to thyroid dysfunction. The findings highlight phthalates as endocrine-disrupting chemicals with significant public health implications.

2023 Journal of medicine and health science.
Article Tier 2

Phthalate exposure and risk of ovarian dysfunction in endometriosis: human and animal data

Researchers explored the link between phthalate exposure and ovarian dysfunction in endometriosis patients, using both human clinical data and animal models to identify potential mechanisms by which these environmental endocrine disruptors impair reproductive function.

2023 Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Advances in understanding the reproductive toxicity of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in women

This review examines how endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, phthalates, and triclosan may interfere with the female reproductive system. Evidence indicates that these chemicals, found widely in the environment, can disrupt hormone function and may contribute to adverse reproductive outcomes, though the precise mechanisms are still being studied.

2024 Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of endocrine-disrupting activities of alternative chemicals for bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate

Researchers assessed the endocrine-disrupting potential of alternative plasticizers used to replace the commonly restricted DEHP (bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate), finding that several substitutes also displayed hormonal activity. The results raise concerns that some replacement plasticizers used in consumer plastics may carry similar health risks as the chemicals they were designed to replace.

2019 Environmental Research 61 citations
Article Tier 2

Nano and microplastics: unveiling their profound impact on endocrine health

This review summarizes existing research showing that micro- and nanoplastics can disrupt the endocrine (hormone) system, altering reproductive hormones, thyroid function, and gene expression in lab and animal studies. Exposure to these particles triggered inflammation markers and oxidative stress in hormone-producing organs, suggesting that widespread plastic pollution may be contributing to rising rates of hormonal and reproductive health problems.

2025 Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 18 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of the endocrine disrupting effects of micro and nano plastic and their associated chemicals in mammals

This review summarizes how micro- and nanoplastics carry hormone-disrupting chemicals that can interfere with the thyroid, reproductive organs, and other parts of the endocrine system in mammals. Because these chemicals are not tightly bound to the plastic, they can leach into milk, water, and food, potentially disrupting hormone function in humans who consume them.

2023 Frontiers in Endocrinology 289 citations
Article Tier 2

The effects of endocrine disruptors on the female reproductive system

This review examined how endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including those associated with plastics, affect the female reproductive system by interfering with the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The authors summarize evidence linking EDC exposure to disrupted hormone signaling, impaired fertility, and increased risk of reproductive disorders.

2025 TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Article Tier 2

Maternal-fetal implications of exposure to phthalates and nanoplastics during pregnancy in rats

Researchers studied the maternal-fetal implications of exposure to phthalates and PET nanoplastics during rat pregnancy, examining effects on placental function and fetal development. The study investigates how these endocrine-disrupting compounds accumulate in gestating animals and tests the hypothesis that adverse in utero conditions from plastic chemical exposure affect offspring development.

2025 LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Article Tier 2

Current insights into the impact of plastic-derived pollutants (phthalates), microplastics, and nanoplastics on hypothalamic phenotype and molecular pathways: A scoping review

This scoping review integrates evidence on how phthalates, microplastics, and nanoplastics alter hypothalamic function and neuroendocrine pathways, finding that plastic-derived pollutants disrupt metabolic regulation through hypothalamic alterations with potential systemic consequences for energy balance and reproductive function.

2025 Environmental Pollution
Article Tier 2

The Impact of Endocrine Disruptions on Animal and Human Organism

This review examines how endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including bisphenol A, phthalates, and micro- and nanoplastics, interfere with hormonal balance in animals and humans. Researchers describe how these substances interact with hormone receptors, induce epigenetic changes, and disrupt cell signaling pathways affecting reproduction, metabolism, and neurological function. The study highlights that nanoparticles, including microplastics, may amplify endocrine disruption and calls for more research into the molecular pathways involved.

2025 Journal of Microbiology Biotechnology and Food Sciences 1 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

The impact of exposure to phthalates in thyroid function of children and adolescents: a systematic review

This systematic review of 17 studies (5,616 participants) found that phthalate exposure in children and adolescents consistently increases T3 levels and decreases total T4 levels, confirming thyroid-disrupting effects of these plasticizers. The findings highlight the importance of minimizing children's exposure to plasticizers and microplastics to protect thyroid function during development.

2024 European Journal of Pediatrics 7 citations
Article Tier 2

The risk of short-term microplastic exposure on female reproductive function: A rat model study

Researchers investigated the effects of short-term microplastic exposure on female reproductive function in rats and found that even brief exposure disrupted hormone levels and altered ovarian and uterine tissue. Higher concentrations of microplastics led to thinning of the uterine lining and changes in steroid hormone receptor expression. The study suggests that even intermittent microplastic exposure may pose risks to reproductive health.

2025 NanoImpact 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The impact of environmental factors and contaminants on thyroid function and disease from fetal to adult life: current evidence and future directions

This review examines how environmental factors including pollution, endocrine-disrupting chemicals like bisphenols and phthalates, and microplastics may be contributing to the rising rates of thyroid disorders and thyroid cancer over the past decade. These contaminants can mimic or block thyroid hormones, disrupting the gland's ability to regulate metabolism and development from fetal life through adulthood.

2024 Frontiers in Endocrinology 61 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of Chemical Endocrine Disruptors and Hormone Modulators on the Endocrine System

This review examines how endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including those found in plastics, interfere with the body's hormone systems through both direct and indirect pathways. Researchers found that long-term exposure to these substances can affect reproductive health, metabolism, and development, with physical stressors like light and temperature also playing a role. The study highlights the complexity of endocrine disruption and the need for broader research into non-chemical factors as well.

2022 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 143 citations
Article Tier 2

Micro- and Nanoplastics as Disruptors of the Endocrine System—A Review of the Threats and Consequences Associated with Plastic Exposure

This review summarizes how micro- and nanoplastics carry endocrine-disrupting chemicals that interfere with hormones controlling reproduction, thyroid function, metabolism, and brain development. The reproductive system is especially vulnerable, with studies showing that plastic particle exposure can cause oxidative stress, cell death, and infertility, raising serious concerns given how widespread these particles are in food and the environment.

2025 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Phthalate diester occurrence in marine feed and food (Mediterranean Sea)

Researchers detected phthalate diesters in Mediterranean Sea zooplankton, fish, and bivalves, with DEHP found in all zooplankton samples and 30% of fish, demonstrating how microplastics transport these endocrine-disrupting chemicals through marine food webs.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Implications of plastic-derived endocrine disruptors on human health

This review summarizes how chemicals released from plastics, known as endocrine disruptors, can interfere with the body's hormone systems. Common substances like BPA and phthalates mimic or block hormones, contributing to obesity, diabetes, reproductive problems, and developmental issues in children. Micro- and nanoplastics make the problem worse because they can release these hormone-disrupting chemicals inside the body after being ingested or inhaled.

2025 Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 7 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

The endocrine disrupting effects of nanoplastic exposure: A systematic review

This systematic review summarizes research on how nanoplastics, the smallest plastic particles, can disrupt the hormonal system. The evidence from lab studies suggests nanoplastics may interfere with thyroid function, reproductive hormones, and stress responses. These findings raise concerns because endocrine disruption can lead to fertility problems, metabolic issues, and developmental effects in humans.

2023 Toxicology and Industrial Health 14 citations
Review Tier 2

Small particles, big impact: A narrative review of microplastics and their effects on thyroid function

This narrative review synthesized evidence linking microplastic and nanoplastic exposure to thyroid dysfunction, examining mechanisms including endocrine disruption, oxidative stress, and immune dysregulation. The authors identified thyroid-disrupting effects in both animal models and human epidemiological data, with children and pregnant women as particularly vulnerable populations.

2025 Environmental Disease
Article Tier 2

Comprehensive Insight from Phthalates Occurrence: From Health Outcomes to Emerging Analytical Approaches

This review summarizes the widespread occurrence of phthalates, chemicals commonly used as plasticizers in plastic products, and their potential health effects including endocrine disruption and reproductive harm. The study also surveys emerging analytical methods for detecting phthalates in food, water, and biological samples, highlighting the challenge of daily human exposure through consumer products.

2021 Toxics 56 citations
Article Tier 2

Phthalates and Their Impacts on Human Health

This review examines phthalates, chemicals widely used to make plastics flexible, and their harmful effects on human health as endocrine disruptors. Chronic exposure to phthalates has been linked to reproductive problems, developmental issues in children, and complications during pregnancy. Since phthalates are common additives in microplastics, understanding their toxicity is essential for assessing the full health risk of microplastic exposure.

2021 Healthcare 545 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as Emerging Contaminants: Investigating their Potential to Alter Human Metabolic and Endocrine Systems

This review investigated the potential of microplastics to alter human hormone signaling, synthesizing evidence that plastic particles and their chemical additives can act as endocrine disruptors at environmentally relevant concentrations. The paper highlighted reproductive and metabolic pathways as areas of particular concern.

2024
Article Tier 2

Impact of endocrine disruptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro: role of gender

Researchers tested six endocrine-disrupting chemicals, including phthalates and PFAS compounds, on human immune cells in the laboratory and found that they altered immune function with notable differences between males and females. Diethyl phthalate and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid were the most active disruptors, affecting inflammation markers, natural killer cell activity, and lymphocyte differentiation. The study suggests that common environmental contaminants can directly interfere with human immune responses in a sex-dependent manner.

2023 Archives of Toxicology 9 citations
Article Tier 2

The detrimental effect of microplastics on critical periods of development in the neuroendocrine system

This review examines how bisphenol-A and phthalates — two classes of plastic-associated chemicals — disrupt the developing neuroendocrine system, particularly during critical developmental windows, with implications for hormone disruption and neurological health.

2020 Birth Defects Research 68 citations