Papers

20 results
|
Article Tier 2

Microplastics accumulate to thin layers in the stratified Baltic Sea

Researchers found that microplastics accumulate preferentially at density-driven stratification layers (halocline and thermocline) in the Baltic Sea, demonstrating that water column stratification significantly influences microplastic vertical distribution and may concentrate particles at biologically active depth boundaries.

2020 Environmental Pollution 119 citations
Article Tier 2

Seasonal disparities in vertical distributions of microplastics and driving factors in a deep reservoir

Researchers studied microplastic distribution at different depths in a deep reservoir in southwest China and found that concentrations generally increased from the water surface to the bottom. The study revealed seasonal differences in vertical transport patterns, with low-density polymers like polyethylene dominating surface waters while denser particles accumulated in deeper layers.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Does water column stratification influence the vertical distribution of microplastics?

Researchers investigated whether water column stratification affects the vertical distribution of microplastics in the Kattegat and Skagerrak seas near Denmark. They found that microplastic concentrations were significantly higher below the pycnocline, the boundary layer between water masses of different densities. The study suggests that density-driven stratification acts as a barrier that traps microplastics in deeper water layers, which has important implications for understanding marine pollution distribution.

2023 Environmental Pollution 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in a deep, dimictic lake of the North German Plain with special regard to vertical distribution patterns

Researchers assessed the vertical distribution of microplastics in Lake Tollense, a deep dimictic lake in northern Germany, sampling particles 63-5000 μm at surface, 7 m, and 10 m depths on three occasions. The study found that vertical distribution patterns varied with lake stratification and depth, contributing new data on how physical processes in freshwater lakes influence where microplastics accumulate.

2020 Environmental Pollution 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of seasonal hydrodynamic variations and particle interactions on microplastic particle settling in water columns

Researchers modeled and experimentally measured how microplastic particle settling in water columns is influenced by seasonal hydrodynamic variations—including thermal stratification and turbulence—and by interactions between co-settling particles. Results showed that thermal stratification dramatically slows settling velocity and that particle-particle interactions further alter settling dynamics, with implications for predicting microplastic accumulation zones in lakes.

2025
Article Tier 2

Microplastic content variation in water column: The observations employing a novel sampling tool in stratified Baltic Sea

Researchers developed a novel sampling tool capable of collecting several cubic metres of water from predefined depth layers down to 100 m and used it to investigate microplastic distribution in the stratified Baltic Sea during spring thermocline formation. They found strong vertical microplastic stratification at all stations, with fibre-rich surface layers near terrestrial sources and offshore variability linked to thermohaline structure.

2018 Marine Pollution Bulletin 150 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical Stratificationand Driving Factors of Microplasticsin the South China Sea: Distributions, Mechanisms, and EcologicalRisks

This study of the South China Sea found that microplastic abundance decreases significantly with water depth, with lighter polymers concentrated near the surface and denser polymers found deeper. Temperature, salinity, and ocean stratification were identified as key drivers of this vertical distribution pattern.

Figshare
Article Tier 2

Retention of rising droplets in density stratification

This laboratory study examined how density stratification in water affects the trapping and retention of rising oil droplets, with implications for understanding transport of buoyant particles in stratified water bodies. The physical principles studied here also apply to how low-density microplastics move through stratified ocean or lake water.

2020 Physical Review Fluids 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Prevalence of small high-density microplastics in the continental shelf and deep sea waters of East Asia

Researchers collected water samples at multiple depth layers across the continental shelf and deep sea of East Asia and found that small, high-density microplastics were more abundant in deeper waters, suggesting vertical sinking pathways concentrate certain particle types in the deep ocean.

2021 Water Research 112 citations
Article Tier 2

Horizontal and vertical distribution of microplastics in dam reservoir after impoundment

Microplastic distribution was mapped both horizontally and vertically in a Chinese reservoir after impoundment, revealing that plastics were not uniformly distributed but concentrated in specific depth layers and spatial zones influenced by water flow and stratification. The study provides insight into how dam reservoirs trap and accumulate microplastics from river inputs.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 47 citations
Article Tier 2

Not just settling

This perspective piece describes research showing that deep-sea microplastic distribution is controlled not by simple sinking from the surface but by deep ocean thermohaline currents that create localized accumulation hotspots on the seafloor. Understanding these current-driven concentration patterns changes how scientists model microplastic fate in the deep ocean.

2020 Science
Article Tier 2

Vertical distribution of microplastic along the main gate of Indonesian Throughflow pathways

Researchers conducted the first investigation of vertical microplastic distribution in deep-sea waters along the Indonesian Throughflow pathway between the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The study found an average of about 1 microplastic particle per liter across depths from 5 to 2,450 meters, with water temperature and density influencing particle distribution, indicating that microplastic contamination extends throughout the ocean water column.

2024 Marine Pollution Bulletin 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Trapped microplastics within vertical redeposited sediment: Experimental study simulating lake and channeled river systems during resuspension events

Researchers simulated sediment resuspension events to study how microplastics of different densities, sizes, and shapes become trapped within redeposited sediment layers, finding that particle properties strongly influence vertical redistribution patterns in lake and river systems.

2023 Environmental Pollution 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Trapping of Microplastics in Halocline and Turbidity Layers of the Semi-enclosed Baltic Sea

Microplastic vertical distribution in the semi-enclosed Baltic Sea was investigated, finding that the distinct salinity-driven halocline trapped microplastics at density transition layers, demonstrating that water column stratification is a significant factor controlling microplastic depth profiles in enclosed seas.

2021 Frontiers in Marine Science 50 citations
Article Tier 2

Preferential deposition of buoyant small microplastics in surface sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, China: Insights from biomineralization

This study examined the distribution of buoyant small microplastics in surface sediments of the Three Gorges Reservoir, finding preferential deposition patterns at the sediment-water interface. The research revealed that reservoir hydrodynamics and sediment characteristics drive accumulation of buoyant microplastics in specific zones.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical flux of microplastic, a case study in the Southern Ocean, South Georgia

Researchers deployed floating sediment traps in the Southern Ocean near South Georgia to measure the vertical flux of microplastics, finding that sinking of microplastics represents a significant and understudied pathway for removing plastic from the ocean surface into deep water.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical Stratification and Driving Factors of Microplastics in the South China Sea: Distributions, Mechanisms, and Ecological Risks

Researchers collected water samples from 15 stations across the South China Sea to map the vertical distribution of microplastics through the water column. They found that depth, ocean currents, and biological activity strongly influenced microplastic stratification, with ecological risk higher in surface and subsurface layers.

2025 Environmental Science & Technology
Article Tier 2

Elucidating the vertical transport of microplastics in the water column: A review of sampling methodologies and distributions

This review synthesized sampling methodologies and findings on microplastic vertical distribution in the water column, identifying that surface trawl studies dramatically underestimate total water column burdens and that sinking behavior, biofouling, and hydrodynamic processes create complex depth-dependent distribution patterns.

2020 Water Research 93 citations
Article Tier 2

Beneath the waves: Vertical and horizontal microplastic distribution in the gulf of panama

Researchers examined the vertical and horizontal distribution of microplastics throughout the water column in the Gulf of Mexico, from the surface to the seafloor. The study found that microplastic concentration and composition change with depth, with the seafloor serving as the main sink for denser and larger particles.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the marine environment: A review of their sources, distribution processes, uptake and exchange in ecosystems

Researchers reviewed the literature on how microplastics move through marine environments, finding that while plastic density helps predict vertical distribution in the water column, biological interactions — such as ingestion and biofouling — better explain why buoyant plastics end up at great ocean depths and transfer through food webs. The review underscores that microplastic bioaccumulation is driven as much by ecology as by physical properties.

2020 Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 296 citations