Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Advancements and challenges in controlled-release fertilisers: An approach to integrate biopolymer-based strategies

This review examines controlled-release fertilizers, which are designed to deliver nutrients to plants gradually, and finds that many use synthetic polymer coatings that can leave microplastic residues in soil. The authors highlight biopolymers made from natural materials like chitosan, cellulose, and starch as promising alternatives that can biodegrade without contributing to plastic pollution. The shift toward biodegradable fertilizer coatings could help reduce a significant but often overlooked source of agricultural microplastic contamination.

2025 Industrial Crops and Products 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Engineering biodegradable coatings for sustainable fertilisers

This review explored engineering biodegradable coatings for controlled-release fertilizers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastic-coated products, addressing concerns about microplastic contamination from agricultural plastic films while maintaining effective nutrient delivery to crops.

2023 Microbiology Australia 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Plant stimuli-responsive biodegradable polymers for the use in timed release fertilizer coatings

This study developed plant-stimulated biodegradable polymer coatings for controlled-release fertilizers that break down when triggered by root secretions, releasing nutrients when plants need them. The innovation addresses the problem of conventional fertilizer coatings made from non-degradable polymers that contribute to microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2018 Scholarship@Western (Western University) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Fully bio-based polyurethane coating for environmentally friendly controlled release fertilizer: Construction, degradation mechanism and effect on plant growth

Researchers developed a fully bio-based polyurethane coating for controlled-release fertilizers using castor oil and a plant-derived chemical. Unlike conventional polyurethane coatings that persist in soil as microplastics, this coating showed strong biodegradability while still effectively controlling nutrient release. The study offers a practical solution to reduce microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from fertilizer coatings.

2025 Industrial Crops and Products 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Generation Characteristics of Micro Plastics from Different Types of Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizer Films

Researchers conducted soil incubation experiments simulating five years of continuous application of three polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers to characterize microplastic generation from their degrading coating films. The study found that the polymer coating type significantly affected both fertilizer release characteristics and microplastic production, with changes in soil nitrogen fractions and electrical conductivity influencing the rate of membrane shell degradation and subsequent plastic particle release.

2025 Frontiers of Chinese Agricultural Sciences
Article Tier 2

Mechanisms of microplastic generation from polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs)

This study investigated how the plastic coatings on slow-release fertilizers break down and release microplastics into soil. Significantly more microplastic particles were released in soil conditions than in water alone, and wet-dry cycles accelerated the breakdown, meaning agricultural soils receiving these fertilizers may be accumulating substantial amounts of microplastic pollution.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Development of Fertilizer Coatings from Polyglyoxylate–Polyester Blends Responsive to Root-Driven pH Change

Researchers developed biodegradable fertilizer coatings made from a self-degrading polymer blended with polycaprolactone or polylactic acid, designed to release nutrients in the acidic zone around plant roots. Replacing conventional non-biodegradable polymer coatings on fertilizers could significantly reduce microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils.

2019 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Smart Hydrogels for Sustainable Agriculture

This article reviews how "smart hydrogels" -- materials that can absorb and slowly release water and nutrients -- could transform agriculture by reducing water waste and excessive chemical use. While not directly about microplastics, these gel-based systems could help reduce the environmental contamination that comes from conventional farming practices. The authors highlight that more research is needed to make these materials practical and affordable for widespread farm use.

2025 EcoMat 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of Slow-Released Fertilisers as a Source of Microplastics

Analysis of slow-release fertilisers coated with polymer shells found that these products can release microplastics into agricultural soils as the coatings degrade. Two major manufacturers' products showed varying polymer compositions and differing abilities to adsorb soil contaminants, raising concerns about MP accumulation from fertiliser use.

2024 Land 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of microplastics derived from controlled release fertilizer coating: Selective microbial colonization and metabolism in plastisphere

Scientists studied how microplastics from fertilizer coatings break down in soil over more than two years, finding that polyethylene degraded the most (nearly 17% weight loss) while producing secondary microplastic fragments and chemical byproducts. Specific bacteria and fungi colonized the plastic surfaces, forming biofilms that helped break down the material. This research shows that coated fertilizers are a direct source of microplastic pollution in farmland, where the breakdown products could enter crops and groundwater.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Precise application of water and fertilizer to crops: challenges and opportunities

This review covers precision agriculture technologies that optimize water and fertilizer use through sensors, remote sensing, and machine learning. While focused on crop management, the research is relevant to microplastic pollution because controlled-release fertilizers with plastic coatings are a significant source of soil microplastics, and precision application could reduce the volume of these coatings entering farmland.

2024 Frontiers in Plant Science 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Polymeric Hydrogels in Agriculture: Environmental Performance, Sustainability Challenges, and Future Perspectives

A review assessed the environmental performance and degradation behavior of polymeric hydrogels used in agriculture as soil moisture-retaining agents. The study raises concerns about whether these materials break down safely or contribute to microplastic accumulation in farmland soils.

2025 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The challenge of nanotechnology in the field of agricultural applications: Nanofertilizers as an emerging technology

This systematic review covers the development and applications of nanofertilizers — nano-scale nutrient delivery systems for agriculture — as an emerging and more efficient alternative to conventional fertilizers. Precision agriculture using nanotechnology could reduce the reliance on plastic-coated slow-release fertilizers that contribute microplastics to soil.

2023
Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers evaluated 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under greenhouse conditions, finding that polymer-coated and inhibitor-based products showed significant performance tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. Six fertilizers performed well overall, and the study found that even fertilizers within the same class performed differently depending on the substrate used. The research highlights that polymer coatings on fertilizers, including biodegradable plastics, are a potential environmental source of microplastics.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Bio-based polyurethane as a sustainable coating material for controlled-release fertilizer

Researchers developed a bio-based polyurethane coating from palm kernel oil to create controlled-release fertilizer as an alternative to petroleum-based coatings. They found that adjusting the coating thickness and composition could effectively regulate how quickly nutrients are released to plants. The study offers a more sustainable approach to agricultural fertilizer delivery that reduces both environmental pollution and dependence on fossil fuel-derived materials.

2025 Discover Sustainability 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Cross-linked Cellulose Ester/Linseed Oil Composites for Controlled Release Fertilizers

Researchers developed cross-linked cellulose ester and linseed oil composites for use as controlled-release fertilizers, offering a biodegradable alternative to conventional plastic-coated fertilizers that shed microplastics into agricultural soils.

2025 Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers stress-tested 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under controlled greenhouse conditions to compare their performance in reducing ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. They found strong performance tradeoffs among products, with six fertilizers performing well across both measures, including polymer-coated formulations. The study notes that polymer coatings used in fertilizer technology, including biodegradable options like PLA, represent a potential source of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Biopolymer-based nanocarriers for sustained release of agrochemicals: A review on materials and social science perspectives for a sustainable future of agri- and horticulture

This review examines how biopolymer-based nanocarriers can deliver fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently in agriculture, reducing the need for excessive chemical applications. Unlike conventional plastic-based delivery systems, these biodegradable carriers do not generate persistent microplastic pollution in farmland. The study also considers the social and economic factors that influence whether these environmentally friendly alternatives can successfully compete with conventional approaches.

2022 Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 145 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers stress-tested 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under greenhouse conditions and found significant performance tradeoffs between reducing ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. Six fertilizers performed well across both measures, including two inhibitor-based products and four polymer-coated formulations. The study notes that polymer coatings on fertilizers, including those made from biodegradable plastics like PLA, can themselves become sources of microplastics in agricultural soils.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Unveiling the potency of polymers and their environmental implications: an agricultural perspective

Researchers reviewed the expanding use of synthetic polymers in agriculture — including water-retaining superabsorbent polymers and slow-release coatings — and found that while they boost crop yields and conserve water, they also contribute to soil microplastic pollution over time. The review calls for more research into biodegradable alternatives to reduce the long-term environmental burden of plastic-based farming inputs.

2025 Discover Soil. 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The long-term effects of microplastics on soil organomineral complexes and bacterial communities from controlled-release fertilizer residual coating

After a 10-year field experiment with controlled-release fertilizer application in China, residual plastic coating microplastics were found in soil at levels that altered soil organomineral complexes and bacterial community structure, raising sustainability concerns about this widely used agricultural technology.

2021 Journal of Environmental Management 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanotechnology-based controlled release of sustainable fertilizers. A review

This review examines nanotechnology-based controlled-release fertilizers using zinc oxide nanoparticle encapsulation, highlighting how nanofertilizers can improve nutrient use efficiency beyond the 40-60% typical of conventional fertilizers while reducing environmental pollution.

2022 Environmental Chemistry Letters 143 citations
Article Tier 2

The future of fertilizers: Controlled-release, organic, and microbial alternatives

This review examined innovations in controlled-release, organic, and microbial fertilizers as sustainable alternatives to conventional fertilizers, finding that these approaches can improve nutrient use efficiency and reduce negative environmental outcomes like leaching and greenhouse gas emissions.

2025 International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research
Article Tier 2

Polymeric Hydrogelsin Agriculture: EnvironmentalPerformance, Sustainability Challenges, and Future Perspectives

This review examines polymeric hydrogels as soil amendments for climate-smart agriculture, finding that these cross-linked water-swelling networks can improve soil moisture retention, reduce irrigation frequency, and enhance fertilizer utilization, while also addressing environmental persistence and degradation challenges.

2025 Figshare