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Advancements and challenges in controlled-release fertilisers: An approach to integrate biopolymer-based strategies

Industrial Crops and Products 2025 12 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 58 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, Arun Chandra Manivannan, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Akila Ravindran, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Akila Ravindran, Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, CI Sathish, Palanisami Thavamani Arun Chandra Manivannan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, CI Sathish, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Akila Ravindran, Akila Ravindran, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, CI Sathish, CI Sathish, CI Sathish, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Akila Ravindran, K. Mohanrasu, Akila Ravindran, Palanisami Thavamani Akila Ravindran, CI Sathish, Arun Chandra Manivannan, Palanisami Thavamani K. Mohanrasu, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Akila Ravindran, Palanisami Thavamani CI Sathish, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani K. Mohanrasu, Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, K. Mohanrasu, Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, Palanisami Thavamani Gunasekhar Nachimuthu, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Logeshwaran Panneerselvan, Raji Kandaiah, Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani Palanisami Thavamani

Summary

This review examines controlled-release fertilizers, which are designed to deliver nutrients to plants gradually, and finds that many use synthetic polymer coatings that can leave microplastic residues in soil. The authors highlight biopolymers made from natural materials like chitosan, cellulose, and starch as promising alternatives that can biodegrade without contributing to plastic pollution. The shift toward biodegradable fertilizer coatings could help reduce a significant but often overlooked source of agricultural microplastic contamination.

Body Systems

It is essential to ensure a consistent supply of affordable, nutritious food to meet the demands of our rapidly growing population. In this context, controlled-release fertilisers (CRFs) have been developed to address the ongoing issues in nutrient use efficiency and global food insecurity. CRFs facilitate a gradual and targeted nutrient delivery system to promote optimal plant growth. Despite their significance, worldwide adoption is hindered by more substantial production costs, insufficient synchronisation with plant nutrient uptake, and environmental implications of synthetic polymer-based fertilisers. Various delivery systems, including coatings, matrices and hydrogels, have been developed for sustainable release. Nonetheless, a key challenge is their potential failure to degrade in soil, which can lead to secondary microplastic contamination and adverse effects on the soil environment. The subsequent sections explore technology, stability, the economy, and environment challenges. This review is a pioneering effort to comprehensively explore the challenges and limitations of controlled-release fertilisers. In addition, this review investigates emerging strategies to overcome the barriers, mainly focused on the potential of biopolymers as sustainable materials. Biopolymers offer several advantages, including biodegradability, tuneable release profile, and compatibility with current farming practices. This review aims to better understand emerging applications of biopolymers in CRFs, and trends are identified and analysed to provide insight for future work in precision farming practices. • CRFs are promising tool for sustainable agriculture, addressing challenges is crucial. • Fossil fuel-based CRFs cause microplastics accrual, pose persistent issue in farmland. • Novel biopolymer-based CRFs reduce carbon footprint and acts as soil conditioner. • Research must prioritise optimising biopolymer blends, cutting costs, and scalability.

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