Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Effect of polylactic acid microplastics on soil properties, soil microbials and plant growth

Researchers tested whether microplastics from biodegradable polylactic acid plastic, often proposed as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional plastic, affect soil health and plant growth. High concentrations of these biodegradable microplastics reduced soil pH, altered the ratio of carbon to nitrogen, decreased plant growth, and shifted soil microbial communities. The study suggests that even biodegradable plastics can negatively affect agricultural ecosystems when they break down into microplastic-sized particles.

2023 Chemosphere 145 citations
Article Tier 2

Mineralization and microbial utilization of poly(lactic acid) microplastic in soil

Researchers tracked how polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics, a common biodegradable plastic, actually break down in different agricultural soils. They found that standard testing methods significantly overestimate how quickly PLA degrades because they fail to account for interactions with soil organic matter. The study reveals that PLA microplastics may persist longer in some soils than previously thought, raising questions about how truly biodegradable these materials are in real-world conditions.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Study of the Biodegradation of PLA/PBAT Films after Biodegradation Tests in Soil and the Aqueous Medium

This study assessed how a common biodegradable plastic blend (PLA/PBAT) degrades in soil and water over time, finding it broke down into smaller fragments rather than fully mineralizing. The persistence of biodegradable plastic fragments raises questions about whether these materials are truly safe alternatives to conventional plastic.

2021 Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradable microplastics decreased plant-derived and increased microbial-derived carbon formation in soil: a two-year field trial

A two-year field experiment compared the effects of conventional (polypropylene) and biodegradable (polylactic acid, PLA) microplastics on soil carbon cycling in agricultural soil. Researchers found that while neither plastic type changed total soil carbon levels, PLA microplastics significantly reduced plant-derived carbon (lignin) by 32% while boosting microbial-derived carbon, suggesting that "biodegradable" plastics still meaningfully alter soil biology and chemistry. This matters because it challenges the assumption that biodegradable plastics are environmentally benign once they break down in farmland.

2025 Carbon Research 1 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of biodegradable polyesters in the marine environment

Researchers tracked the degradation of five biodegradable plastics in simulated marine environments over nearly a year, including materials like polylactic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate. While all materials showed signs of degradation such as surface cracking and weight loss from hydrolysis, they also released polymer fragments into surrounding sand, indicating that even biodegradable plastics can generate microplastic pollution. The findings suggest that labeling a plastic as biodegradable does not guarantee it will fully break down in ocean conditions.

2025 Polymer Degradation and Stability 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Hydrolyzable microplastics in soil—low biodegradation but formation of a specific microbial habitat?

Hydrolyzable microplastics such as polylactic acid showed low biodegradation in soil despite their marketed degradability, while their surfaces hosted distinct microbial communities forming a specialized plastisphere. The study questions the environmental safety of biodegradable plastics in agricultural soil contexts.

2022 Biology and Fertility of Soils 61 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of post-use biodegradable PBAT-based mulch films buried in agricultural soil

Scientists tracked the breakdown of a biodegradable mulch film in farm soil over 16 months and found that while the film lost more than half its surface area, it released microplastics into the surrounding soil during the process. About 17-23% of the original film material was still recoverable from the soil after nearly 500 days. The study shows that even biodegradable plastics can be a source of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Polylactic acid synthesis, biodegradability, conversion to microplastics and toxicity: a review

Researchers reviewed polylactic acid (PLA), a popular plant-based "biodegradable" plastic used in packaging and agriculture, finding that while it breaks down inside the body, it does not fully degrade under natural outdoor or aquatic conditions — and in fact fragments into microplastics faster than conventional petroleum-based plastics. This challenges the assumption that bioplastics are a straightforward environmental solution.

2023 Environmental Chemistry Letters 254 citations
Article Tier 2

Transformation of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Microparticles in Soil and their Effects on Soil Properties: A Review

This review examined how polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics transform in soil over time and affect soil physical, chemical, and biological properties including pH, organic matter, nutrient cycling, and microbial communities, highlighting the complexities of PLA as a supposedly biodegradable agricultural plastic.

2025 International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences
Article Tier 2

Bioplastics in agricultural soils: Biodegradability, analytical techniques, and soil microbial impact

Researchers reviewed the evidence on how bioplastics degrade in agricultural soils, finding that commonly used analytical techniques overestimate biodegradation rates because they measure surface changes rather than full carbon mineralization, meaning biodegradable microplastic residues may persist across seasons under realistic conditions.

2026 Journal of Hazardous Materials
Article Tier 2

Behind the Green Promise: Eco-Innovation or Commercial Illusion?

This review critically examines the gap between the environmental promise of biodegradable packaging materials such as polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate and their real-world degradation performance. The authors found that most biodegradable plastics require specific industrial composting conditions to degrade as marketed and may perform no better than conventional plastics when disposed of in landfill, soil, or marine environments.

2025 Sustainable Marketing Practices
Article Tier 2

Functionalization of slow-release fertilizers and “passive predation microplastics” mechanism for polylactic acid composites

Researchers developed a biodegradable fertilizer film made from polylactic acid (PLA) and modified lignin that can slowly release nutrients while breaking down naturally in soil, offering an alternative to conventional plastic mulch. The study also explored how plants absorb tiny fragments of bio-based plastics, which is important for understanding whether even biodegradable alternatives still pose risks to food safety.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Do poly(lactic acid) microplastics instigate a threat? A perception for their dynamic towards environmental pollution and toxicity

This review examines whether poly(lactic acid), a popular biodegradable plastic marketed as an eco-friendly alternative, actually poses environmental risks as it breaks down into microplastics. Researchers found that PLA only degrades fully under specific industrial composting conditions with high temperatures and moisture, and may persist much longer in natural environments. The study calls for deeper investigation into the environmental fate and potential toxicity of PLA microplastics as their use continues to grow.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 189 citations
Article Tier 2

Dynamics of macroplastics and microplastics formed by biodegradable mulch film in an agricultural field

Researchers tracked the breakdown of biodegradable mulch film in agricultural fields over four years and found that while the material fragmented into smaller pieces, complete degradation did not occur. Both macro- and microplastic fragments from the biodegradable film persisted in the soil throughout the study period. The findings suggest that biodegradable mulch films, promoted as environmentally friendly alternatives to conventional plastic, may still contribute to microplastic accumulation in farmland.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 65 citations
Article Tier 2

State of the art on biodegradability of bio-based plastics containing polylactic acid

This review examines whether bio-based plastics made from polylactic acid (PLA) actually break down in the environment as intended. While certain microorganisms can degrade PLA, the process is slow and depends heavily on conditions like temperature and moisture. The findings matter because if bio-based plastics do not fully break down, they can still fragment into microplastics, posing many of the same environmental and health risks as conventional plastics.

2025 Frontiers in Materials 34 citations
Article Tier 2

Not Only Diamonds Are Forever: Degradation of Plastic Films in a Simulated Marine Environment

Researchers found that biodegradable plastics, including polylactic acid (PLA), do not fully degrade in simulated marine environments at realistic temperatures and conditions. This challenges the assumption that biodegradable plastics are a straightforward solution to ocean plastic pollution.

2021 Frontiers in Environmental Science 19 citations
Article Tier 2

A progress update on the biological effects of biodegradable microplastics on soil and ocean environment: A perfect substitute or new threat?

This review examines whether biodegradable plastics, often marketed as eco-friendly alternatives, actually break down safely in the environment. The evidence shows that biodegradable plastics often fragment into microplastics rather than fully decomposing, and these biodegradable microplastics can harm soil organisms, marine life, and disrupt nutrient cycles. The findings suggest that simply switching to biodegradable plastics may not solve the microplastic pollution problem and could introduce new environmental risks.

2024 Environmental Research 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Field test on the biodegradation of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) based mulch films in soil

Researchers buried four types of supposedly biodegradable plastic mulch films — used in farming to suppress weeds — in agricultural soil for over two years and found that all four still left behind microplastic fragments. This shows that even biodegradable plastics can accumulate in soil if used repeatedly each growing season.

2020 Polymer Testing 66 citations
Article Tier 2

Impacts of pristine, aged and leachate of conventional and biodegradable plastics on plant growth and soil organic carbon

Researchers compared the effects of conventional plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene) and biodegradable alternatives (polyhydroxybutyrate, polylactic acid) on ryegrass growth and soil health in both pristine and aged forms. They found that all plastic types, whether conventional or biodegradable, reduced plant biomass, lowered soil pH and organic matter, and increased CO2 respiration rates. The study provides evidence that biodegradable plastics are not necessarily safer for soil ecosystems than conventional plastics.

2024 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of biodegradable plastic films in soil: microplastics formation and soil microbial community dynamics

Scientists tracked what happens when biodegradable PBAT plastic films break down in soil over 180 days and found they release microplastics that peaked before declining. Fungi broke the films into smaller pieces while bacteria consumed the fragments, suggesting that even plastics marketed as biodegradable generate microplastics during their breakdown, though soil microbes can eventually help clean them up.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation Studies of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-Polyhydroxyvalerate Films in Soil

Researchers studied the biodegradation properties of two bioplastic polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-polyhydroxyvalerate (PHBV), in soil under different moisture conditions. Both polymers degraded completely in fully saturated soil, with the study tracking changes in appearance, chemical signatures, mechanical properties, and molecular weight, supporting these materials as viable biodegradable alternatives to conventional petrochemical-derived plastics.

2023 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 64 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of biodegradation and formation of biodegradable microplastics in soil and freshwater environments

Researchers reviewed how biodegradable plastics break down in soil and freshwater, finding that incomplete degradation by microorganisms can still produce tiny biodegradable microplastic particles that persist in the environment — meaning "biodegradable" doesn't always mean safe or fast-disappearing.

2024 Applied Biological Chemistry 58 citations
Article Tier 2

Microbial Degradation of Polylactic Acid Bioplastic

This review covers how microorganisms degrade polylactic acid (PLA) bioplastic under different environmental conditions. Understanding PLA biodegradation is important for assessing whether PLA products actually break down as intended in real-world environments rather than persisting as microplastics.

2021 Journal of Sustainability Science and Management 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of biodegradable plastics on soil properties and greenhouse gas production

Biodegradable plastics made from polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate were found to affect soil physicochemical properties and increase CO2 and N2O gas production during decomposition in soil, raising questions about whether they truly avoid the environmental impacts of conventional microplastics.

2022 Soil Science & Plant Nutrition 58 citations