Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Microplastics identification and quantification in the composted Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste

Researchers quantified microplastics in composted organic municipal solid waste from five facilities, finding contamination levels that raise concerns about compost quality and the potential transfer of microplastics to agricultural soils through organic waste recycling.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 125 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Plastics and other extraneous matter in municipal solid waste compost: A systematic review of sources, occurrence, implications, and fate in amended soils

Researchers reviewed contamination in municipal compost made from household organic waste, finding plastics are the most prevalent pollutant — with some batches containing enough plastic to deposit over 500 kg per hectare of farmland each year. Repeated use of contaminated compost builds up microplastics in soil, threatening soil health and potentially moving plastic particles into crops and food.

2024 Environmental Advances 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic particles in urban compost and their grain size distribution

Microplastics in urban compost produced from city greenery were dominated by PET, polystyrene, polyethylene, and polypropylene, with highest concentrations in the 0.63-1.25 mm grain size fraction and an average total concentration of 1368 mg/kg dry matter.

2024 Environmental Pollution 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Makro- und Mikrokunststoffe in österreichischen Komposten

This German-language study analyzed macro- and microplastic contamination in Austrian composts from three modern composting facilities, finding between 13 and 111 plastic particles per kilogram of dry matter. The results highlight that even well-managed composting operations contribute to plastic pollution in agricultural soils when compost is applied.

2020 Österreichische Wasser- und Abfallwirtschaft 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic input and dynamics in industrial composting

Researchers quantified plastic input and dynamics at five stages of an industrial composting process, tracking macroplastics in municipal bio-waste collections from different municipalities (0.36-4.72 kg/ton, dominated by PE and PP) and measuring microplastic concentrations through shredding and screening to assess removal or enrichment.

2024
Article Tier 2

Quantification and analysis of surface macroplastic contamination on arable areas

Researchers quantified macroplastic contamination on German farmland, finding that fields fertilized with compost had 42 times more plastic particles per hectare than unfertilized fields, indicating that compost application and roadside littering are major pathways for plastic entering agricultural soils.

2021 Journal of Soils and Sediments 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic impurities in biowaste treatment: environmental and economic life cycle assessment of a composting plant

Researchers assessed an Italian composting facility and found that conventional plastic contaminants in food waste account for nearly half the residual waste produced and roughly 7% of annual operating costs, highlighting how plastic pollution undermines the economics and environmental benefits of composting.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Abundance in the Locally Produced Commercial Compost and the Characteristics

Researchers measured microplastic abundance in locally produced commercial compost, characterizing particle morphology, size, and polymer type. The compost contained measurable microplastic concentrations dominated by polyester fibres and polyethylene fragments, confirming that commercial composting does not eliminate microplastic contamination and may serve as a route for soil plastic input.

2024 Tropical Agricultural Research 5 citations
Review Tier 2

Microplastic contamination and accumulation in municipal solid waste: A global review of sources, pathways, and impacts

This global review examines microplastic contamination in municipal solid waste, covering sources from landfills, sewage sludge, compost, and food waste, and how plastic particles from these land-based waste streams enter soil, groundwater, and eventually the food chain.

2025 Environmental Health Engineering and Management
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in composting of rural domestic waste: abundance, characteristics, and release from the surface of macroplastics

Rural domestic waste compost contained an average of 2,400 ± 358 MP items/kg (dry weight) dominated by polyester, PP, and PE fibers and films, with lab experiments confirming that macroplastics in compost feedstock shed microplastics during the composting process.

2021 Environmental Pollution 224 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Commercial Compost From a Wide Range of Composting Materials and Potential Environmental Impacts

Researchers identified and quantified microplastics in commercial compost derived from household waste, livestock manure, and vegetable straw using acid extraction, filtration, and FTIR spectroscopy. All compost types contained microplastics, with concentrations varying by feedstock type, raising concerns about microplastic introduction to agricultural soils via compost application.

2025 Environmental Quality Management 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics generation and concentration during mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal solid waste

Researchers found that mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal solid waste generates and concentrates microplastics across multiple processing stages, with the stabilized organic output containing significant microplastic loads — raising concerns about the use of this material as compost or soil amendment.

2022 Environmental Research 27 citations
Article Tier 2

Determination and quantification of microplastics in compost

Researchers analyzed commercially available compost products to determine how much microplastic contamination they contain. They found microplastics in all tested composts, with fibers and fragments being the most common forms, primarily made of polyethylene and polypropylene. The findings raise concerns that applying commercial compost to agricultural land may be an overlooked pathway for introducing microplastics into soil.

2024 Environmental Quality Management 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastics in biogenic matrices intended for reuse in agriculture and the potential contribution to soil accumulation

Researchers measured plastic contamination across agricultural input materials including manures, digestate, compost, and sewage sludge, finding plastics in all samples ranging from 0.06 plastics/g in animal manure to 986 plastics/g in compost. Fibres were the dominant shape and polyester, polypropylene, and polyethylene were the most common polymers, highlighting the risk these reused matrices pose for soil plastic accumulation.

2024 Environmental Pollution 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence of macroplastics and microplastics in biogenic waste digestate: Effects of depackaging at source and dewatering process

Researchers investigated plastic debris in digestate from anaerobic digestion of biogenic waste, finding that both preprocessing and dewatering steps significantly influence the quantity of macroplastics and microplastics in the resulting material used as a soil conditioner.

2022 Waste Management 27 citations
Article Tier 2

Compost‐Hosted Microplastics – Municipal Solid Waste Compost

This review examines microplastics hosted in municipal solid waste compost, addressing a gap in research that has largely focused on marine ecosystems, and discussing the sources, prevalence, and potential impacts of microplastics in compost on terrestrial ecosystems, agriculture, and soil health.

2023 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Bioplastic Content in Biowaste: a Growing Problem in Composting Efficiency and Quality

This study examines the growing problem of bioplastic content in biowaste streams and its impact on composting efficiency and quality, highlighting how compostable bio-based plastics — despite being marketed as environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil-fuel plastics — create contamination challenges in industrial composting systems.

2025 Journal of Applied Life Sciences and Environment
Systematic Review Tier 1

A systematic review of the occurrence of microplastics in compost: Understanding the abundance, sources, characteristics and ecological risk

Researchers reviewed 19 global studies and found microplastics in virtually all types of compost — including those made from animal manure, sewage sludge, and municipal waste — with concentrations reaching up to 288,000 particles per kilogram in some samples. Since compost is widely applied to farmland, these findings highlight a significant but overlooked pathway for microplastics to enter soils and the food chain.

2024 Results in Engineering 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as an underestimated emerging contaminant in solid organic waste and their biological products: Occurrence, fate and ecological risks

This review identified solid organic waste streams including compost, sewage sludge, and food waste as important but underappreciated repositories of microplastics that can reintroduce particles into agricultural soils and water systems. The authors call for standardized monitoring of microplastics in organic waste before environmental application.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 71 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution characteristics of microplastics in typical organic solid wastes and their biologically treated products

Researchers extracted and characterized microplastics from food waste, livestock manure, sludge, and their composted or digested products, finding MPs in all organic waste types with concentrations varying by matrix. The study highlights organic waste management pathways as an understudied route for microplastic transfer to agricultural soils.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and Quantification of Microplastics in Compost: A case of landfills in Uganda

Researchers surveyed compost sites across 8 cities and 5 municipalities in Uganda, finding microplastics at all locations with fibers being the most abundant type (54.98%), indicating that poor waste management practices are driving plastic contamination into compost used in agriculture.

2026
Article Tier 2

Macro- and microplastics in composts from municipal solid waste industrial composting Plants in Uganda

Researchers quantified macro- and microplastic contamination in composts from two industrial municipal solid waste composting plants in Uganda, finding substantial plastic contamination resulting from minimal source separation in waste collection, which could transfer plastics to agricultural soils.

2025 Waste Management 4 citations
Article Tier 2

The dynamics of macro- and microplastic quantity and size changes during the composting process

Researchers tracked microplastic generation during composting at two Austrian facilities, finding that microplastics appear after the first turning event and increase throughout the process, with shorter turning intervals accelerating fragmentation rates.

2023 Waste Management 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Contamination of Composts and Liquid Fertilizers from Municipal Biowaste Treatment Plants: Effects of the Operating Conditions

Researchers measured microplastic contamination in fertilizers produced from municipal organic waste and found that while solid composts generally stayed within regulatory limits, liquid fertilizers from some facilities contained up to 10,000 plastic particles per liter — raising concerns about microplastic inputs to farmland from compost and digestate applications.

2022 Waste and Biomass Valorization 24 citations