Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

A parametrized and regionalized TRWP inventory model for LCA

This study developed a parametrized and regionalized inventory model for tire and road wear particles for use in life cycle assessment, addressing the limitations of current emission factor estimates that do not capture regional differences in vehicle use and road conditions. The model provides more accurate and geographically resolved TRWP emission estimates for environmental impact accounting.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Development of a parametrized and regionalized life cycle inventory model for tire and road wear particles

Researchers developed a detailed model for estimating tire and road wear particle emissions, a major but often overlooked source of microplastics from vehicle traffic. The model accounts for nine key factors including road texture, driving behavior, temperature, and tire type, and can generate estimates at both individual vehicle and national scales. The study found that road surface roughness, aggressive driving, and wet conditions are the biggest drivers of large particle emissions, while temperature and vehicle load most affect fine particle release.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and mapping of tyre wear emissions: from EU regional analysis to global projections

Researchers quantified and mapped tyre wear particle emissions across EU member states and developed global projections, finding substantial discrepancies in per capita emission estimates across different national methodologies and providing guidance for optimizing future emission estimations.

2025 Environment International
Article Tier 2

Shades of grey—tire characteristics and road surface influence tire and road wear particle (TRWP) abundance and physicochemical properties

A suite of experiments characterized how tire type, compound, and road surface properties influence tire and road wear particle (TRWP) size, morphology, and emission rates, finding significant variation across tire and road combinations relevant to predicting environmental exposure.

2023 Frontiers in Environmental Science 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing regional emissions of vehicle-based tire wear particle from macro-to micro/nano-scales with pandemic lockdowns and electromobility scenarios implications

Researchers developed a data-driven probabilistic model to estimate regional tire wear particle emissions across different land use scenarios, incorporating vehicle fleet data, driving patterns, and emission factors. Modeling suggested that tire wear particles represent a substantial and underappreciated pathway for microplastic entry into the atmosphere, with implications for both human health and environmental policy.

2022 Chemosphere 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Realistic evaluation of tire wear particle emissions and their driving factors on different road types

This study measured tire wear particle (TWP) emissions under realistic driving conditions on different road types and identified the key driving factors affecting emission rates. Tire wear particles are a major category of microplastic pollution in road runoff, and this data is needed to estimate their contribution to environmental contamination.

2023
Article Tier 2

Analysis of TRWP Particle Distribution in Urban and Suburban Landscapes, Connecting Real Road Measurements with Particle Distribution Simulation

Researchers combined road-based tyre and road wear particle emission sampling with particle distribution simulations at a high-traffic urban intersection, finding that TRWP concentrations correlated with vehicle dynamics such as braking and acceleration, and that air humidity and dust resuspension significantly influenced particle measurements in the field.

2022 Atmosphere 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Tyre Wear Particles: Emissions and Distribution in Soil and Stormwater Systems in Near Road Environments

Researchers conducted a multi-scale investigation of tyre wear particle emissions in Sweden, characterizing their distribution in roadside ditches and stormwater systems and developing a national emissions estimation methodology using vehicle-specific factors. Passenger cars were identified as the largest contributor at 55% of total tyre wear particle emissions, and the study evaluated the effectiveness of selected mitigation strategies.

2025
Article Tier 2

On-Road Vehicle Measurement of Tire Wear Particle Emissions and Approach for Emission Prediction

An instrumented measurement vehicle was developed to quantify tire wear particle emissions under real-world on-road conditions, identifying key driving parameters such as speed, load, and cornering that govern emission rates. The study supports the development of emission factors and regulatory standards for non-exhaust tire-derived microplastic pollution.

2022 Tire Science and Technology 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparison of Methods for Sampling Particulate Emissions from Tires under Different Test Environments

Researchers compared different methods for sampling tire wear particle emissions under various test conditions, finding significant methodological differences that affect measurement outcomes and highlighting the need for standardized approaches as non-exhaust emissions become an increasing share of total vehicle pollution.

2022 Atmosphere 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire Wear and Pollutants: An Overview of Research

This review provides an overview of tire road and wear particles as a major source of microplastic emissions, examining both experimental and mathematical approaches to measuring tire wear. The study notes that while tire wear particles are found in alarming amounts across various environments, they remain less studied than other microplastics, and calls for more accurate simulation models to predict tire wear emissions.

2023 Archives of Advanced Engineering Science 30 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization of airborne tire particle emissions under realistic conditions on the chassis dynamometer, on the test track, and on the road

Researchers developed a new tire and road wear particle (TRWP) sampling system and characterized airborne emissions under real-world conditions on a chassis dynamometer, test track, and public road. Emissions showed a bimodal size distribution with dominant modes at ~10 nm and 270 nm, with SEM/EDS revealing two particle formation mechanisms and confirming tire rubber as a major source of ultrafine airborne particles.

2025 Aerosol Science and Technology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

An estimation of tire and road wear particles emissions in surface water based on a conceptual framework

Researchers developed a conceptual framework to estimate emissions of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) into surface water, identifying them as a dominant source of microplastic contamination in freshwater environments globally.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 23 citations
Review Tier 2

Review: Mitigation measures to reduce tire and road wear particles

This review summarizes the current state of science and technology for reducing tire and road wear particles (TRWP), which are generated by friction between tires and road surfaces. The study analyzed approximately 500 sources and assessed various preventative and end-of-pipe mitigation strategies based on their efficiency, maturity, and potential environmental impact.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 43 citations
Article Tier 2

Tyre and road wear particles (TRWP) - A review of generation, properties, emissions, human health risk, ecotoxicity, and fate in the environment

This comprehensive review compiles current knowledge on tyre and road wear particles, which are generated during driving and contribute to both airborne emissions and microplastic pollution. Researchers found that per-capita tyre wear emissions range from 0.2 to 5.5 kilograms per person per year, with particles ending up in soils, waterways, and the air. While the risk from inhaling these particles appears low, the potential health effects from ingesting them through the food chain remain largely unknown.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 723 citations
Review Tier 2

Vehicle Emission Models and Traffic Simulators: A Review

This review surveys vehicle emission models and traffic simulation tools used to estimate air pollution from road traffic. While focused on exhaust emissions, the methods discussed are relevant to understanding non-exhaust pollution like tire wear microplastics, which are released in large quantities from vehicle tires. Better emission modeling could help quantify the full scope of traffic-related microplastic pollution in urban areas.

2023 Energies 41 citations
Article Tier 2

ATiered Quantification and Source Mapping Frameworkfor Tire Wear Particle Analysis in Environmental Matrices

Researchers developed a tiered quantification and source mapping framework for tire wear particles (TWPs) in environmental matrices, using pyrolysis GC-MS with real tread-derived calibration curves to improve quantification accuracy across heterogeneous tread compositions.

2025 Figshare
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Tire wear particles: Trends from bibliometric analysis, environmental distribution with meta-analysis, and implications

Bibliometric analysis showed tire wear particle research is concentrated in Europe and North America despite large vehicle populations in Asia and Africa. Meta-analysis revealed that tire wear particle concentrations varied greatly by country and environmental medium, with biotoxicity, environmental distribution, and human health risks identified as the current research hotspots.

2023 Environmental Pollution 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying pathways of tyre wear into the environment.

Researchers conducted the first national-scale spatial analysis of tyre wear particle (TWP) pathways in the UK, estimating that 79.5 kilotonnes of TWPs are released annually with 23-34 kt reaching surface waters, 18.5-30.2 kt deposited on roadsides, and 1.3-6.7 kt entering the atmosphere.

2025 Environmental research
Article Tier 2

Comprehensive approach to national tire wear emissions: Challenges and implications

Researchers developed a comprehensive approach to estimate national tire wear emissions, which are a major source of microplastics in the environment. They found that increasing vehicle weight due to electrification trends and growing traffic volumes are driving higher emissions, while no regulations currently exist for tire wear. The study provides methods needed for tracking changes in tire-related microplastic pollution and supporting future environmental impact assessments.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Static modelling of the material flows of micro- and nanoplastic particles caused by the use of vehicle tyres

Researchers modeled the flow of tyre wear particles in Austria, finding that about 6% of tyre rubber is released as wear particles into the environment each year, with emissions entering air, soil, and surface water. The study estimated that of the 21,200 tonnes released annually, about 6% are microscale particles and 0.3% are nanoscale, and concluded that reducing overall vehicle mileage would be the most effective way to cut these emissions.

2021 Environmental Pollution 50 citations
Article Tier 2

Projecting airborne tire wear particle emissions in the United States in the era of electric vehicles.

Researchers projected airborne tyre wear particle (TWP) emissions in the United States over 2024-2044 using the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES), finding that the transition to electric vehicles will alter TWP emission profiles given differences in vehicle mass and regenerative braking behavior.

2025 The Science of the total environment
Article Tier 2

Preparation and Characterization of Model Tire–Road Wear Particles

Researchers developed a laboratory method to prepare model tire-road wear particles (TRWPs) that mimic those found in the environment, combining tire tread wear particles (212-500 µm) with crushed granite mineral particles (20-38 µm) at a 1:10 weight ratio bonded with chloroform treatment. The resulting model TRWPs closely replicated the morphology of real-world TRWPs and were characterized for use as reference materials in environmental contamination studies.

2022 Polymers 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Characteristics of Real-world Non-exhaust Particulates from Vehicles

Researchers characterized non-exhaust particulate emissions from vehicle tire and road wear, collecting atmospheric PM samples with a high-volume quartz filter sampler and using pyrolysis-GC/MS to analyze tire rubber markers including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals, quantifying the contribution of tire-brake-road wear particles to urban air pollution.

2022 Preprints.org 3 citations