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A parametrized and regionalized TRWP inventory model for LCA
Summary
This study developed a parametrized and regionalized inventory model for tire and road wear particle emissions for use in life cycle assessment, improving on existing models that use generic emission factors that do not capture regional differences in vehicle fleets and road types. The model enables more geographically accurate TRWP emission estimates for inclusion in environmental footprint calculations.
Tire and Road Wear Particles (TRWPs), comprising degraded rubber, minerals, and road dust, are a significant global source of microplastics. Recognizing potential hazards to ecosystems and human health, this research addresses the limitations of current TRWP emission estimates. These estimates rely on emission factors (EFs) indicating the mass of tire wear emitted per unit of activity which may be outdated and lack geographical applicability. In addition, they overlook critical parameters such as tire type, vehicle characteristics, road surface and driving styles influencing emissions. This study aims to improve the TRWP emissions inventory by incorporating these parameters, yielding context-specificity and reliable estimates. A bottom-up approach integrating regional traffic activity rates with vehicle-specific EFs is employed. Initially, default EF values for 18 vehicle types and particle sizes were updated based on an extensive literature review. Eight (8) key parameters encompassing road texture, driving behavior, speed, pavement type, carried load, ambient temperature, road wetness, and driving environment, were then incorporated into the model as multiplier factors for the default EFs. Additionally, three regional archetypes, representing average Europe, Nordic, and less developed regions, were introduced to capture geographical variations covering 40 countries. A sensitivity analysis under urban driving conditions revealed the relative impacts of influencing parameters, supporting prioritization for future investigations. Specifically, it was found that harsh road texture could triple large particle emissions, while highway driving reduces emissions of both large and fine particles compared to urban driving. This parametrized and regionalized approach offers a comprehensive understanding of global TRWP emissions, capturing diverse scenarios. While data limitations exist, the model is designed for continuous refinement as additional data becomes available. These results can be used in future Life Cycle Inventories and Impact Assessments, particularly in assessing the magnitude of TRWP impacts in comparison to other road transport impacts. Also see: https://micro2024.sciencesconf.org/559201/document