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Investigation of toxic effects of BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) on Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus and Chlorella vulgaris
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This study investigated the toxic effects of bisphenol A and its analogues BPS and BPAF on three algal species -- Spirulina, Desmodesmus subspicatus, and Chlorella vulgaris -- finding that BPS and BPAF, used as BPA replacements, also pose ecotoxicological risks in aquatic environments.
Bisphenols (BPs) are produced for many applications for used in industry. BPs have been found all part of aquatic environments such as sediment and surface water that is poses a risk to the aquatic ecosystem. Restricting the use of BPA, environmental concentrations of bisphenol S, and bisphenol AF begin to increase. The present study aims to indicate that toxicity BPA and BPA analogues (BPS and BPAF) by algal growth inhibition test for the green algae Chlorella vulgaris, Spirulina sp., Desmodesmus subspicatus. In this way, result of this study present the nominal effective concentrations of BPA analogues and the suitability of the species for use as a biomarker in ecotoxicology tests. IC50 values (growth rate inhibition by 50%, respectively) for three toxicants were determined separately. Results of this study showed the effects of these chemicals on photosynthesis (primer production). The result of algal growth inhibition test showed that BPAF (72h EC50 3.80 mg/L) was found to be more toxic than BPS (3d EC50 6.31 m L-1) for Spirulina sp. BPS (3d EC50 2.43 mg/L) showed the most toxic effect on the growth of C. vulgaris, followed by BPAF with 3d EC50 3.32 mg/L. BPS (3d EC50 0.88 mg/L) and BPAF (3d EC50 6.48 mg/L) were found to be toxic for D. subspicatus, respectively, from highest to lowest toxicity. These results indicate that bisphenol analogues are hazardous to primer production. Therefore, it is necessary to study their combined effects as well as to study how they act individually.
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Researchers tested three bisphenol A analogs (BPAF, BPF, BPS) and their mixture on the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum at environmentally relevant concentrations of 300 ng/L, measuring growth, cell size, and oxidative stress biomarkers. All three analogs and their mixture affected the microalga, raising concerns about the ecological risks of BPA substitutes in marine environments.
Can BPA Analogs Affect Cellular and Biochemical Responses in the Microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin?
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This study tested three bisphenol A replacement chemicals (BPAF, BPF, and BPS) on a marine diatom at environmentally relevant concentrations, finding that all three disrupted algal growth and triggered oxidative stress. Although no actual cell damage was detected at these doses, the results suggest that BPA substitutes are not chemically inert and may still threaten marine primary producers. This is relevant to microplastics research because these bisphenol chemicals leach from plastics and are released alongside microplastic particles in the environment.
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