Insights into the Adverse Effects of Bisphenol A on the Environment and Human Health

Plastic, an integral part of our daily lives, is present in various items such as carry bags, packaging materials, and medical supplies like syringes. Despite contributing to scientific advancements, the non-biodegradable nature of certain plastic polymers poses environmental concerns. Bisphenol A (BPA), widely used in plastic manufacturing, has been banned due to its harmful impact on both the environment and human health. Its replacement, bisphenol F (BPF), is now employed. This study investigates the toxicity of BPA, BPF, and their combination on primary producers, specifically eukaryotic green algae. The escalating global plastic consumption, compounded by the persistent presence of BPA in aquatic environments, necessitates attention to prevent plastic pollution from affecting future generations. Plastic and nanoplastic materials are pervasive in soil and the environment, posing health risks to humans through air, water, and soil pathways. Plastic particles enter the food chain via small fish in lakes and seas. Crucially, interactions between BPA and natural substances or environmental stressors can yield both positive and negative effects, as evidenced by in vitro and in vivo studies. It is imperative to consider these interactions when assessing BPA exposures and their health implications, as they significantly influence endpoint measurements and cellular responses. This article emphasizes the adverse effects of plastic pollution on the environment and human health, while also exploring emerging remedies to mitigate BPA’s impact.