Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Development of Fertilizer Coatings from Polyglyoxylate–Polyester Blends Responsive to Root-Driven pH Change

Researchers developed biodegradable fertilizer coatings made from a self-degrading polymer blended with polycaprolactone or polylactic acid, designed to release nutrients in the acidic zone around plant roots. Replacing conventional non-biodegradable polymer coatings on fertilizers could significantly reduce microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils.

2019 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Fully bio-based polyurethane coating for environmentally friendly controlled release fertilizer: Construction, degradation mechanism and effect on plant growth

Researchers developed a fully bio-based polyurethane coating for controlled-release fertilizers using castor oil and a plant-derived chemical. Unlike conventional polyurethane coatings that persist in soil as microplastics, this coating showed strong biodegradability while still effectively controlling nutrient release. The study offers a practical solution to reduce microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils from fertilizer coatings.

2025 Industrial Crops and Products 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Engineering biodegradable coatings for sustainable fertilisers

This review explored engineering biodegradable coatings for controlled-release fertilizers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastic-coated products, addressing concerns about microplastic contamination from agricultural plastic films while maintaining effective nutrient delivery to crops.

2023 Microbiology Australia 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Advances in Controlled Release Fertilizers: Cost‐Effective Coating Techniques and Smart Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels

This review examines advances in controlled release fertilizer technology, focusing on cost-effective coating techniques and smart hydrogels that release nutrients in response to environmental conditions. Researchers found that while these technologies improve nutrient efficiency and reduce environmental pollution from fertilizer runoff, the coatings themselves can introduce microplastic contamination into soils. The study calls for development of fully biodegradable coating materials that deliver the benefits of controlled release without adding to plastic pollution in agricultural lands.

2023 Advanced Sustainable Systems 72 citations
Article Tier 2

Advancements and challenges in controlled-release fertilisers: An approach to integrate biopolymer-based strategies

This review examines controlled-release fertilizers, which are designed to deliver nutrients to plants gradually, and finds that many use synthetic polymer coatings that can leave microplastic residues in soil. The authors highlight biopolymers made from natural materials like chitosan, cellulose, and starch as promising alternatives that can biodegrade without contributing to plastic pollution. The shift toward biodegradable fertilizer coatings could help reduce a significant but often overlooked source of agricultural microplastic contamination.

2025 Industrial Crops and Products 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Mechanisms of microplastic generation from polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs)

This study investigated how the plastic coatings on slow-release fertilizers break down and release microplastics into soil. Significantly more microplastic particles were released in soil conditions than in water alone, and wet-dry cycles accelerated the breakdown, meaning agricultural soils receiving these fertilizers may be accumulating substantial amounts of microplastic pollution.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Generation Characteristics of Micro Plastics from Different Types of Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizer Films

Researchers conducted soil incubation experiments simulating five years of continuous application of three polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers to characterize microplastic generation from their degrading coating films. The study found that the polymer coating type significantly affected both fertilizer release characteristics and microplastic production, with changes in soil nitrogen fractions and electrical conductivity influencing the rate of membrane shell degradation and subsequent plastic particle release.

2025 Frontiers of Chinese Agricultural Sciences
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of microplastics derived from controlled release fertilizer coating: Selective microbial colonization and metabolism in plastisphere

Scientists studied how microplastics from fertilizer coatings break down in soil over more than two years, finding that polyethylene degraded the most (nearly 17% weight loss) while producing secondary microplastic fragments and chemical byproducts. Specific bacteria and fungi colonized the plastic surfaces, forming biofilms that helped break down the material. This research shows that coated fertilizers are a direct source of microplastic pollution in farmland, where the breakdown products could enter crops and groundwater.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Bio-based polyurethane as a sustainable coating material for controlled-release fertilizer

Researchers developed a bio-based polyurethane coating from palm kernel oil to create controlled-release fertilizer as an alternative to petroleum-based coatings. They found that adjusting the coating thickness and composition could effectively regulate how quickly nutrients are released to plants. The study offers a more sustainable approach to agricultural fertilizer delivery that reduces both environmental pollution and dependence on fossil fuel-derived materials.

2025 Discover Sustainability 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluating novel biodegradable polymer matrix fertilizers for nitrogen‐efficient agriculture

Researchers designed and evaluated biodegradable polymer matrix fertilizers for nitrogen-efficient agriculture, testing their performance in simulated tropical conditions and finding improved nitrogen retention compared to conventional fertilizers, though with some trade-offs in release kinetics.

2024 Journal of Environmental Quality 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Cross-linked Cellulose Ester/Linseed Oil Composites for Controlled Release Fertilizers

Researchers developed cross-linked cellulose ester and linseed oil composites for use as controlled-release fertilizers, offering a biodegradable alternative to conventional plastic-coated fertilizers that shed microplastics into agricultural soils.

2025 Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Article Tier 2

Synthesis of a New Biocomposite for Fertiliser Coating: Assessment of Biodegradabilityand Thermal Stability

Researchers developed a biocomposite made from cellulose nanoparticles, natural rubber, and polylactic acid for use as a biodegradable fertilizer coating. Using natural biopolymers to coat fertilizers instead of conventional plastic films could help reduce agricultural microplastic contamination from plastic-coated slow-release fertilizers.

2023 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Analysis of Slow-Released Fertilisers as a Source of Microplastics

Analysis of slow-release fertilisers coated with polymer shells found that these products can release microplastics into agricultural soils as the coatings degrade. Two major manufacturers' products showed varying polymer compositions and differing abilities to adsorb soil contaminants, raising concerns about MP accumulation from fertiliser use.

2024 Land 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Functionalization of slow-release fertilizers and “passive predation microplastics” mechanism for polylactic acid composites

Researchers developed a biodegradable fertilizer film made from polylactic acid (PLA) and modified lignin that can slowly release nutrients while breaking down naturally in soil, offering an alternative to conventional plastic mulch. The study also explored how plants absorb tiny fragments of bio-based plastics, which is important for understanding whether even biodegradable alternatives still pose risks to food safety.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Unveiling the potency of polymers and their environmental implications: an agricultural perspective

Researchers reviewed the expanding use of synthetic polymers in agriculture — including water-retaining superabsorbent polymers and slow-release coatings — and found that while they boost crop yields and conserve water, they also contribute to soil microplastic pollution over time. The review calls for more research into biodegradable alternatives to reduce the long-term environmental burden of plastic-based farming inputs.

2025 Discover Soil. 1 citations
Article Tier 2

A new tool to screen biodegradable polymers as technically and commercially viable fertiliser coatings

Researchers developed a screening tool to evaluate biodegradable polymers against technical and commercial viability criteria, enabling manufacturers and regulators to assess whether proposed biodegradable materials will genuinely perform as advertised in real-world disposal environments.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Decomposition Rate and Microplastic Residue Formation of Photodegradable Resin-Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizers (CRFs)

This study tested whether adding titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as a photocatalyst to the polymer coatings of controlled-release fertilizers could prevent those coatings from leaving microplastic residues when they degrade. The TiO₂-containing fertilizer coating fully decomposed under simulated sunlight within 60 days with no detectable plastic residues, while the standard fertilizer only degraded 14–31%. Polymer-coated fertilizers are a major and often overlooked source of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils, and this study suggests photocatalytic coatings could eliminate that residue entirely.

2026 Preprints.org
Article Tier 2

Biopolymer-based nanocarriers for sustained release of agrochemicals: A review on materials and social science perspectives for a sustainable future of agri- and horticulture

This review examines how biopolymer-based nanocarriers can deliver fertilizers and pesticides more efficiently in agriculture, reducing the need for excessive chemical applications. Unlike conventional plastic-based delivery systems, these biodegradable carriers do not generate persistent microplastic pollution in farmland. The study also considers the social and economic factors that influence whether these environmentally friendly alternatives can successfully compete with conventional approaches.

2022 Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 145 citations
Article Tier 2

A biobased, bioactive, low CO2impact coating for soil improvers

Researchers developed a bio-based, low-carbon coating system made from natural materials for use in lawn and soil management applications. Eco-friendly coatings that replace synthetic polymer coatings could reduce the microplastic particles shed by conventional plastic-coated slow-release products.

2021 Green Chemistry 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Synthesis of a new biocomposite for fertiliser coating: assessment of biodegradability and thermal stability

Researchers created a new biodegradable composite material combining cellulose nanoparticles, natural rubber, and polylactic acid, finding it would fully break down in soil within about 3,000 hours while being more heat-resistant than standard polylactic acid alone. This type of biodegradable material could replace conventional plastic coatings in agriculture, helping reduce the microplastic pollution caused by plastic mulches and fertilizer coatings.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5 citations
Article Tier 2

The long-term effects of microplastics on soil organomineral complexes and bacterial communities from controlled-release fertilizer residual coating

After a 10-year field experiment with controlled-release fertilizer application in China, residual plastic coating microplastics were found in soil at levels that altered soil organomineral complexes and bacterial community structure, raising sustainability concerns about this widely used agricultural technology.

2021 Journal of Environmental Management 63 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers stress-tested 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under controlled greenhouse conditions to compare their performance in reducing ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. They found strong performance tradeoffs among products, with six fertilizers performing well across both measures, including polymer-coated formulations. The study notes that polymer coatings used in fertilizer technology, including biodegradable options like PLA, represent a potential source of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Utilization of Household Plastic Waste in Technologies with Final Biodegradation

Researchers developed a multi-stage processing method for polyethylene terephthalate and polystyrene household plastic waste, incorporating the materials into film-forming compositions used to encapsulate granular mineral fertilizers. The study confirmed that polymer shell residues safely biodegraded in soil after fertilizer dissolution, demonstrating a viable pathway for converting plastic waste into agricultural inputs.

2022 Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology 13 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Unravelling the ecological ramifications of biodegradable microplastics in soil environment: A systematic review

Researchers reviewed 85 studies on biodegradable microplastics in soil, finding that when biodegradable plastics fail to fully break down they can disrupt soil structure, nutrient cycling, and microbial life in ways that depend heavily on concentration and plastic type. The review highlights that "biodegradable" plastics are not a simple fix for microplastic pollution in agricultural soils.

2025 Emerging contaminants 2 citations