Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Incubation in Wastewater Reduces the Multigenerational Effects of Microplastics inDaphnia magna

Researchers compared the multigenerational toxicity of pristine versus wastewater-aged microplastics on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna. They found that microplastics incubated in wastewater, which sorbed a complex mixture of real-world pollutants, actually showed reduced toxicity compared to pristine particles across multiple generations. The study suggests that environmental aging processes may alter the toxicological profile of microplastics in ways that are not always predictable from laboratory studies with pristine particles.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 73 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological assessment of microplastics in limnic systems with emphasis on chemicals released by weathering

This study examined both the physical and chemical toxicity of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, with special focus on chemicals released when plastics are weathered by ultraviolet light. The research tested conventional and biodegradable plastics, addressing whether particle properties or leaching chemicals drive ecotoxicological effects.

2022
Article Tier 2

Difference in sensitivity of Daphnia magna to pristine and aged microplastic fibers

Researchers compared the acute and chronic toxicity of pristine versus UV-aged polyamide, polyacrylonitrile, and polyester microplastic fibers on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna, also testing natural wool and cellulose fibers as references. Aged plastic fibers showed different toxicity profiles than unaged fibers, with effects on survival, reproduction, growth, and oxygen consumption.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Difference in sensitivity of Daphnia magna to pristine and aged microplastic fibers

Researchers compared the sensitivity of Daphnia magna to pristine versus aged microplastic fibers, which make up a large proportion of environmental plastic pollution. Aged fibers showed different toxicity profiles than pristine fibers, highlighting the need to use environmentally weathered particles in ecotoxicology tests.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Effects of virgin and weathered polystyrene and polypropylene microplastics on Raphidocelis subcapitata and embryos of Danio rerio under environmental concentrations

Researchers tested the effects of virgin and artificially weathered polystyrene and polypropylene microplastics on freshwater algae and zebrafish embryos at environmentally relevant concentrations. They found that low, realistic concentrations sometimes produced adverse effects such as reduced body length and heart rate in embryos, while higher concentrations did not always cause proportionally greater harm. The study raises concerns that even low environmental concentrations of microplastics may affect freshwater organisms.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 66 citations
Article Tier 2

From Pristine to Laboratory-weathered Micro- and Nanoplastics: Interaction with Environmental Contaminants and Biological Effects

This review contrasts pristine and laboratory-weathered micro- and nanoplastics in terms of surface chemistry, adsorption of co-contaminants, and biological effects, arguing that weathered particles better represent real-world exposures and often exhibit different or greater toxicity.

2025 Journal of Biological Research - Bollettino della Società Italiana di Biologia Sperimentale
Article Tier 2

Rethinking the relevance of microplastics as vector for anthropogenic contaminants: Adsorption of toxicants to microplastics during exposure in a highly polluted stream - Analytical quantification and assessment of toxic effects in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Researchers exposed microplastics in a highly polluted stream to assess their role as contaminant vectors, then tested effects on zebrafish, finding that naturally contaminated microplastics had limited additional toxicity compared to the polluted water itself.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 26 citations
Article Tier 2

An environmental concentration of aged microplastics with adsorbed silver significantly affects aquatic organisms

Researchers studied how natural biofouling and aging in stream water changes the properties and toxicity of microplastic beads over four weeks. They found that aged microplastics absorbed significantly more silver than pristine ones and released it more intensely, especially in acidic conditions. The study suggests that as microplastics age in the environment, they become more effective at carrying and releasing pollutants, increasing their potential harm to aquatic organisms.

2020 Water Research 311 citations
Article Tier 2

Potential effects of natural aging process on the characteristics and toxicity of facial masks: A zebrafish-based study

Researchers found that naturally aged facial mask microplastics caused greater toxicity in zebrafish than virgin fragments, inducing more severe oxidative stress, immune responses, and intestinal damage due to surface cracking and chemical adsorption during aging.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of virgin and weathered microplastics on zebrafish: Bioaccumulation, developmental toxicity and molecular pathway disruptions

Researchers compared the effects of brand-new versus environmentally weathered microplastics on zebrafish larvae and found that weathered particles were far more toxic, causing 80% mortality compared to 20% for new plastics. The weathered microplastics triggered more severe disruptions to oxidative stress pathways, cell death signaling, and DNA repair mechanisms. The study emphasizes that laboratory tests using only pristine microplastics may significantly underestimate the real-world dangers of plastic pollution.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure medium and particle ageing moderate the toxicological effects of nanomaterials to Daphnia magna over multiple generations: a case for standard test review?

This study found that the toxicological effects of engineered nanomaterials on Daphnia magna varied depending on the exposure medium and whether particles had been environmentally aged, with aged particles behaving differently from pristine ones across multiple generations. The findings suggest that standard ecotoxicology test protocols designed for pristine particles may not accurately reflect real-world risks from weathered nanoplastics and nanomaterials.

2020 Environmental Science Nano 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicity of polyethylene nanoplastics from the North Atlantic oceanic gyre on freshwater and marine organisms (microalgae and filter-feeding bivalves)

Polyethylene nanoplastics collected from the North Atlantic gyre were compared with reference PE nanoplastics for toxicity to freshwater and marine microalgae and freshwater bivalves, finding that real-world ocean-collected nanoplastics were not consistently more toxic than laboratory-grade particles. The study suggests that environmental weathering and associated contaminant sorption do not necessarily amplify nanoplastic toxicity to primary producers and filter feeders.

2019 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 131 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of aging on the toxicity of polyethylene microplastics on the estuarine bivalve Scrobicularia plana

Researchers compared the toxicity of new versus artificially aged polyethylene microplastics on an estuarine bivalve species. They found that aged microplastics, which better represent what is actually found in the environment, caused different and sometimes greater biological effects than pristine particles. The study emphasizes the importance of using environmentally realistic aged microplastics in toxicity testing rather than only new materials.

2024 Environmental Pollution 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Photo-induced leaching behaviors and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter from microplastics and terrestrial-sourced particles

Researchers studied how light exposure causes microplastics and terrestrial particles to leach dissolved organic matter, and how this leachate behaves in the environment. The study found differences in the biodegradability of leachate from plastic versus natural sources, suggesting that microplastic-derived organic matter may persist differently in aquatic ecosystems.

2024 Chemosphere 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Microplastics in Freshwater Sources—A Review

This review assessed microplastic ecotoxicology in freshwater environments, synthesizing evidence of adverse effects on bacteria, algae, daphnids, and fish, and discussing how MP properties (type, size, shape) and adsorbed pollutants influence their bioactivity.

2020 Water 99 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of naturally-aged microplastics on zebrafish juveniles: A more realistic approach to plastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems

Researchers exposed juvenile zebrafish to naturally aged polystyrene microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations for five days. They found that the microplastics disrupted the fish's antioxidant defenses, indicating oxidative stress, and caused measurable cellular and neurological impacts. The study suggests that even short-term exposure to realistic levels of weathered microplastics can affect the health of freshwater organisms.

2020 Journal of Hazardous Materials 162 citations
Article Tier 2

Morphometric effects of various weathered and virgin/pure microplastics on sac fry zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Researchers exposed sac fry zebrafish (Danio rerio) to weathered and virgin microplastics of various polymer types and found significant morphometric developmental effects, with weathered plastics generally causing greater biological harm than virgin counterparts due to differences in surface chemistry and plasticizer content.

2021 AIMS environmental science 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics meet micropollutants in a central european river stream: Adsorption of pollutants to microplastics under environmentally relevant conditions

Researchers investigated how microplastics adsorb organic micropollutants in a Central European river under real-world conditions. They found that aged microplastics showed higher adsorption capacity for contaminants compared to pristine ones, and that the type of plastic material influenced which pollutants were absorbed. The findings suggest that microplastics in rivers can act as carriers for harmful chemicals, potentially spreading contamination through aquatic ecosystems.

2024 Environmental Pollution 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Weathering pathways and protocols for environmentally relevant microplastics and nanoplastics: What are we missing?

This review highlights a major gap in microplastics research: most lab studies use brand-new, pristine plastic particles, but microplastics in the real world have been weathered by sunlight, water, and biological activity. Weathered microplastics behave differently, releasing more chemicals and interacting with organisms in ways that fresh plastics do not. Only about 10% of published studies have used aged microplastics, meaning current risk assessments may not reflect the true dangers of environmental microplastic exposure.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 270 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing the embryotoxicity of polypropylene micro- and nanoplastics generated through simulated environmental weathering in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Researchers generated environmentally weathered polypropylene micro- and nanoplastics through combined UV and mechanical degradation and exposed zebrafish embryos, finding accelerated hatching, abnormal spontaneous movements, altered swimming behavior, and particle accumulation on the egg surface — indicating meaningful developmental and behavioral toxicity during early life stages.

2026 NanoImpact
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in river water: occurrence, weathering, and adsorption behaviour

Researchers examined microplastics in river water, characterizing their occurrence, degree of weathering, and capacity to adsorb co-contaminants. The study highlights microplastics as vectors that can transport and re-release other pollutants in freshwater systems.

2025 Environmental Science Water Research & Technology
Article Tier 2

Process analysis of microplastic aging during the photochemical oxidation process and its effect on the adsorption behavior of dissolved organic matter

Accelerated UV/persulfate and UV/chlorine oxidation experiments showed that both processes aged microplastics in distinct ways — altering surface chemistry and morphology — which in turn changed how the MPs adsorb dissolved organic matter (DOM) from water. Because aged MPs in real environments bind organic contaminants differently than pristine plastics, these findings are essential for predicting the long-range transport and ecological risk of weathered microplastics in natural water systems.

2023 Chemosphere 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantitative study of microplastic degradation in urban hydrosystems: Comparing in situ environmentally aged microplastics vs. artificially aged materials generated via accelerated photo-oxidation

Researchers compared how polyethylene microplastics degrade in real urban water environments versus under controlled laboratory UV exposure. They found that lab-aged plastics showed primarily physical and chemical changes from UV light, while microplastics collected from stormwater and sediments also showed signs of biological degradation and hydrolysis. The study demonstrates that artificial aging alone does not fully replicate the complex degradation processes microplastics undergo in actual urban water systems.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of pristine or contaminated polyethylene microplastics on zebrafish development

Researchers examined the effects of both pristine and pollutant-contaminated polyethylene microplastics on zebrafish development through chronic exposure. The study assessed how microplastics, both alone and as carriers of adsorbed organic pollutants, affect developing fish. The findings provide new insights into how contaminated microplastics may create additional routes for toxic compounds to enter aquatic food webs.

2022 Chemosphere 66 citations