Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Fate and effects of graphene oxide alone and with sorbed benzo(a)pyrene in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis

Researchers exposed marine mussels to graphene oxide — a carbon-based nanomaterial increasingly used in consumer products — both alone and combined with benzo(a)pyrene, a common pollutant. They found that graphene oxide acts as a carrier that delivers the pollutant into mussel tissues, but also partially shields mussels from absorbing it, revealing that interactions between emerging nanomaterials and existing pollutants are complex and not simply additive.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Abnormality of mussel in the early developmental stages induced by graphene and triphenyl phosphate: In silico toxicogenomic data-mining, in vivo, and toxicity pathway-oriented approach

Combining computational toxicogenomics with in vivo mussel embryo experiments, researchers found that graphene nanoparticles and the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP) — both associated with micro/nanoplastics in coastal waters — cause developmental abnormalities in mussel larvae through distinct but overlapping biological pathways. The study provides a mechanistic framework for understanding why plastic-associated chemicals are particularly damaging to marine invertebrates at early life stages.

2023 Aquatic Toxicology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics with different functional groups modulate cellular and molecular mechanisms of reduced graphene oxide toxicity on the green microalga, Scenedesmus obliquus

Researchers tested how microplastics with different surface chemistries interact with reduced graphene oxide, another emerging pollutant, and their combined effects on green algae. They found that certain microplastics reduced the toxicity of graphene oxide by adsorbing it, while others amplified the harmful effects depending on their surface functional groups. The study reveals that the combined impact of different nanomaterials in the environment can vary widely based on their chemical properties.

2024 Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Fluorescent nanoplastics increase the toxic effects of Graphene oxide nanoparticles in freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus

Researchers examined how fluorescent nanoplastics modify the toxic effects of graphene oxide nanoparticles on freshwater algae. They found that the combination of nanoplastics and graphene oxide significantly amplified toxicity compared to either pollutant alone, increasing oxidative stress, membrane damage, and loss of photosynthetic activity. The study highlights that co-occurring nanoscale pollutants in freshwater environments may pose greater ecological risks than individual contaminants.

2024 Toxicology Reports 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The combined effects of phenanthrene and micro-/nanoplastics mixtures on the cellular stress responses of the thick-shell mussel Mytilus coruscus

Scientists exposed thick-shell mussels to a combination of micro- and nanoplastics along with a common pollutant (phenanthrene) to study their combined effects. The mixtures caused more severe immune cell damage, increased oxidative stress, and stronger inflammatory responses than either pollutant alone. Evidence indicates that micro- and nanoplastics can worsen the toxic effects of organic pollutants in marine shellfish.

2023 Environmental Pollution 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Unravelling the in vivo biotoxicity of a green-biofabricated graphene oxide–microplastic hybrid mediated by proximal intrinsic atomic interactions

Researchers found that when graphene oxide, a nanomaterial used in many products, combines with polystyrene microplastics, the hybrid material is more toxic to zebrafish embryos than either substance alone. The increased toxicity was driven by oxidative stress, where the atomic interactions between the two materials amplified cell damage. This study highlights how microplastics can interact with other nanomaterials in the environment to create unexpected health risks.

2024 Environmental Science Nano 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Beyond carrier effects: Polyamide microplastics and TCPP jointly drive physiological toxicity in mussels at environmental concentrations

Researchers exposed thick-shelled mussels to polyamide microplastics combined with the flame retardant TCPP at environmentally relevant concentrations. They found that the combined stress caused physiological toxicity through an adsorption effect rather than a simple carrier effect, with potentially irreversible damage to digestive glands. The study also showed that the internal bacterial diversity of exposed mussels was altered, indicating broader ecological consequences of microplastic-chemical co-exposure in marine environments.

2025 Environmental Pollution 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Fluorescent nanoplastics enhanced toxicity of Graphene oxide nanoparticles in freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus

The presence of fluorescent polystyrene nanoplastics significantly increased the toxicity of graphene oxide nanoparticles to the freshwater alga Scenedesmus obliquus, demonstrating that nanoplastics can act as vectors that amplify the effects of co-occurring nanocontaminants.

2024
Article Tier 2

Multilevel toxicity assessment of polypropylene microplastics and pyrene on mussels

Researchers assessed the combined effects of polypropylene microplastics and the pollutant pyrene on Mediterranean mussels over 14 days. They found that while each pollutant individually increased DNA damage, the combination surprisingly did not, suggesting a complex interaction between the two contaminants. However, the combined exposure compromised the mussels' physiological resilience, as shown by their slower heart rate recovery after stress, indicating that co-exposure to microplastics and pollutants can have nuanced biological effects.

2026 DiRROS repository (University of Maribor)
Article Tier 2

Exploring the combined toxic effects of tri-n-butyl phosphate and polystyrene micro/nano-plastics on Daphnia magna under environmentally relevant concentrations

Researchers explored the combined toxic effects of the flame retardant tri-n-butyl phosphate and polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics on the water flea Daphnia magna at environmentally relevant concentrations. The study found that co-exposure to both pollutants altered gene expression related to stress responses, suggesting that the combined presence of these emerging contaminants may pose greater risks to aquatic organisms than either pollutant alone.

2025 Environmental Geochemistry and Health 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Graphene oxide–microplastic hybrid showcase elicited discrepancy through intrinsic interaction mediated steatosis, and apoptosis in macrophages

Scientists found that when tiny plastic particles (microplastics) combine with a carbon-based material called graphene oxide, they become much more toxic to immune cells than either substance alone. The combination caused more cell damage and death by harming the cells' energy centers and triggering harmful chemical reactions. This research suggests that microplastics in our environment could become even more dangerous when they mix with other materials, which is important for understanding health risks as plastic pollution continues to increase.

2026 Materials Today Bio
Article Tier 2

Immunotoxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons and microplastics alone or in combination to a bivalve species: Synergic impacts and potential toxication mechanisms

Marine mussels exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons and microplastics separately and together showed that combined exposure caused greater immune suppression and lysosomal damage than either stressor alone, identifying oxidative stress pathways as a key mechanism of joint toxicity.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 66 citations
Article Tier 2

Combined toxic effects of nanoplastics and norfloxacin on antioxidant and immune genes in mussels

Researchers studied the combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the antibiotic norfloxacin on mussels, focusing on genes related to antioxidant defense and immune function. They found that the mixture of both contaminants produced more severe disruptions to gene expression than either substance alone, indicating a synergistic toxic effect. The study suggests that the co-occurrence of nanoplastics and antibiotics in marine environments may pose compounding risks to shellfish health.

2023 Marine Environmental Research 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Multilevel toxicity assessment of polypropylene microplastics and pyrene on mussels: DNA damage, oxidative stress, and physiological effects

Mussels were exposed to polypropylene microplastics and pyrene individually and together, revealing that DNA damage paradoxically decreased under co-exposure, suggesting complex antagonistic interactions between these two common marine pollutants.

2025 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Article Tier 2

Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate enhances the adverse effects of biodegradable polylactic acid microplastics on the mussel Mytilus coruscus

Researchers studied how a flame retardant chemical (TCPP) interacts with biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) microplastics in mussels. The combination of the flame retardant and PLA microplastics caused more oxidative stress, immune disruption, and metabolic changes than either pollutant alone. This finding is important because biodegradable plastics are often assumed to be safer, but they can still carry harmful chemical additives that increase their toxicity to marine life and, by extension, to people who eat seafood.

2024 Environmental Pollution 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Joint Toxic Action and Metabolic Mechanismsof Graphene Nanomaterial Mixturesin Microcystis Aeruginosa

This study investigated the toxicity and metabolic mechanisms of graphene nanomaterial mixtures on the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, finding that mixture toxicity was distinct from single-material toxicity and involved disruption of multiple metabolic pathways including photosynthesis and oxidative stress responses.

2023 Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Detrimental effects of individual versus combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoplastics in fish cell lines

Researchers tested how combined exposure to the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoparticles affects freshwater fish cells. They found that co-exposure to even low concentrations of both pollutants caused subtle changes in cell viability and generated oxidative DNA damage. The study suggests that the interaction between nanoplastics and chemical pollutants in aquatic environments may pose compounding risks to fish health.

2023 Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Single contaminant and combined exposures of polyethylene microplastics and fluoranthene: accumulation and oxidative stress response in the blue mussel,Mytilus edulis

Researchers exposed blue mussels to polyethylene microplastics and the toxic chemical fluoranthene — alone and together — finding that co-exposure reduced tissue fluoranthene concentrations but still triggered significant antioxidant stress responses in gills and digestive glands, without producing additive or synergistic toxic effects.

2018 Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 145 citations
Article Tier 2

Antagonistic Interactions between Benzo[a]pyrene and Fullerene (C60) in Toxicological Response of Marine Mussels

Researchers found that fullerene C60 and benzo[a]pyrene exhibited antagonistic toxicological interactions in marine mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis), with co-exposure resulting in lower biomarker responses than either contaminant alone, suggesting complex mixture effects for emerging carbon nanomaterials.

2019 Nanomaterials 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of polystyrene nanoplastics on Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp) after individual and combined exposure with zinc oxide nanoparticles

Researchers studied the individual and combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and zinc oxide nanoparticles on grass carp. They found that co-exposure caused more severe oxidative stress, immune suppression, and gill tissue damage than either pollutant alone. The study suggests that interactions between nanoplastics and metal nanoparticles in aquatic environments can produce synergistic toxic effects on freshwater fish.

2020 Journal of Hazardous Materials 121 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparative ecotoxicity of graphene, functionalized multiwalled CNT and their mixture in freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus: Analysing the role of oxidative stress

This study compared the ecotoxicity of graphene and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes in freshwater organisms, finding that both materials posed risks to aquatic life, with toxicity varying by material type and organism. The findings highlight the environmental hazards posed by the growing use of carbon-based nanomaterials.

2023 Research Square (Research Square) 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Combined effects of microfibers and polychlorinated biphenyls on the immune function of hemocytes in the mussel Mytilus coruscus

Researchers assessed the immune response of mussels exposed to microfibers and polychlorinated biphenyls, both individually and in combination. The study found that while microfibers alone had no significant immune effects, combined exposure with PCBs worsened immune suppression by reducing hemocyte counts, enzyme activity, and mitochondrial function, suggesting that microfibers can amplify the toxicity of co-occurring chemical pollutants.

2023 Marine Environmental Research 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Enhanced microalgal toxicity due to polystyrene nanoplastics and cadmium co-exposure: From the perspective of physiological and metabolomic profiles

Researchers studied the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and cadmium on the microalga Euglena gracilis and found that co-exposure produced synergistic effects, inhibiting growth by nearly 29%. The organisms activated antioxidant defenses and showed significant disruptions in carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism. The findings suggest that nanoplastics and heavy metals together pose greater risks to aquatic microorganisms than either pollutant alone.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 106 citations
Article Tier 2

Impacts of Micro/Nanoplastics Combined with Graphene Oxide on Lactuca sativa Seeds: Insights into Seedling Growth, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Gene Expression

Researchers examined how polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics combined with graphene oxide affect lettuce seed germination and seedling growth. The combinations produced both harmful and protective effects depending on the specific measure being assessed, with oxidative stress being the primary mechanism of damage in roots and shoots. The study highlights the complexity of predicting how multiple nanomaterial pollutants interact in agricultural soils.

2024 Plants 6 citations