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Toxicological effects of graphene on mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes after individual and combined exposure with triphenyl phosphate
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Researchers exposed mussel immune cells to graphene nanoparticles and the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate, finding that each contaminant alone induced oxidative stress and DNA damage, but their combination paradoxically reduced these harmful effects by activating cell-survival gene pathways.
Graphene nanoparticles are increasingly released into the aquatic environment with the growth of production. However, there are rare investigations focusing on the interaction of nanoparticles with other contaminants. Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a frequently detected organophosphate flame retardant in the environment. This study aimed to assess the joint effects of graphene and TPP on Mytilus galloprovincialis hemocytes. Oxidative stress could be induced by graphene and TPP in mussel hemocytes, which could further cause apoptosis, DNA damage and decrease in the lysosomal membrane stability (LMS). Moreover, hemocytes could internalize graphene, thereby resulting in oxidative stress. The oxidative stress and DNA damage in hemocytes were increased in the graphene-exposed group, but significantly reduced after combined exposure of graphene and TPP. The up-regulated genes, including NF-κB, Bcl-2 and Ras, were mainly associated with reduced apoptosis and DNA damage after co-exposure to graphene and TPP.
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Researchers exposed Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to graphene nanomaterials and the flame retardant triphenyl phosphate (TPP) alone and in combination, finding that combined exposure paradoxically reduced oxidative stress and respiratory inhibition compared to graphene alone, though both single and combined exposures left mussels in a sub-health state with long-term population-level risks.
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