Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Smart Mask Disinfection System (SMDS)

This paper describes the Smart Mask Disinfection System (SMDS) developed in response to increased COVID-19 face mask waste, which poses environmental hazards as discarded masks break down into microplastics in waterways. The system aims to disinfect and extend the usable life of masks, reducing both pathogen transmission risk from discarded masks and the microplastic pollution generated by single-use mask disposal.

2024
Article Tier 2

Study of Recycling Potential of FFP2 Face Masks and Characterization of the Plastic Mix-Material Obtained. A Way of Reducing Waste in Times of Covid-19

Researchers showed that FFP2 face masks can be mechanically recycled without pre-sorting their composite materials, producing a polymer blend with thermal and mechanical properties comparable to recycled polypropylene — offering a practical route to divert pandemic mask waste from the environment.

2021 Waste and Biomass Valorization 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Personal Air-Quality Monitoring with Sensor-Based Wireless Internet-of-Things Electronics Embedded in Protective Face Masks

This paper is not about microplastics. It presents a sensor-based air quality monitoring device embedded in protective face masks that measures temperature, humidity, pressure, and air quality index. While air quality monitoring is broadly relevant to respiratory health, this study focuses on electronics and IoT technology with no connection to microplastic detection or health effects.

2024 Sensors 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Face masks: a COVID-19 protector or environmental contaminant?

This review examined how the massive global use of disposable face masks during COVID-19 has created a significant source of microplastic pollution, with billions of masks entering the environment and releasing plastic fibers and chemical contaminants.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Single-use surgical face masks, as a potential source of microplastics: Do they act as pollutant carriers?

Researchers investigated whether single-use surgical face masks, widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic, are a potential source of microplastic fibers released into the environment. The study found that used masks entering uncontrolled waste streams can shed fibrous microplastics.

2021 Journal of Molecular Liquids 96 citations
Article Tier 2

Global daily mask use estimation in the pandemic and its post environmental health risks: Analysis based on a validated dynamic mathematical model

Researchers developed a mathematical model to estimate daily disposable mask usage across 214 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic and projected how discarded masks contribute to microplastic pollution. The model estimated billions of masks were used daily at peak periods, releasing massive quantities of microplastic fibers as they degrade. The study provides a tool for policymakers to assess the long-term environmental health risks of pandemic-related plastic waste.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Review of the valorization options for the proper disposal of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers reviewed waste management options for the surge in discarded polypropylene face masks during COVID-19, finding that improper disposal contributes directly to microplastic pollution, and proposing valorization strategies — including energy recovery and material upcycling — tailored to country-level infrastructure and emergency conditions.

2021 Environmental Technology & Innovation 68 citations
Article Tier 2

The COVID-19 pandemic face mask waste: A blooming threat to the marine environment.

This review examines how single-use face masks — billions of which were discarded during the COVID-19 pandemic — contribute to microplastic and microfiber pollution in marine environments when improperly disposed of. The pandemic created a massive new source of plastic pollution, with masks breaking down into microplastics and releasing chemical contaminants in the ocean.

2021 Chemosphere
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the Release of Micro/nanoplastics from Disposable Face Masks at Times of COVID-19

Researchers found that disposable face masks release significant amounts of micro- and nanoplastic particles when subjected to water exposure and mechanical stress similar to environmental conditions. This confirms that the massive use of masks during COVID-19 introduced new sources of microplastic pollution into the environment.

2021
Article Tier 2

Recycling of disposable single-use face masks to mitigate microfiber pollution

Researchers mechanically recycled discarded disposable face masks into polypropylene-cotton blended fabrics, demonstrating an 83% reduction in microfiber release across the product lifecycle compared to masks, though complete elimination of fiber shedding was not achievable due to the inherent properties of textile materials.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Impact of coronavirus pandemic litters on microfiber pollution—effect of personal protective equipment and disposable face masks

Researchers reviewed microfiber pollution arising from disposable and reusable face masks and personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic, finding that synthetic fiber shedding through littering, laundry, and disinfection represents a significant and undercharacterized addition to global microplastic pollution loads.

2022 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparative Analysis of Face Mask Usage and Environmental Impact in Asian Cities during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic

This comparative analysis examined face mask usage patterns and their environmental impact across Asian cities, estimating the volume of mask waste generated and the resulting microplastic and fiber pollution from improper disposal.

2024 Sustainability 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics from face masks: A potential hazard post Covid-19 pandemic

Researchers quantified the annual face mask usage and associated plastic waste across 36 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, estimating total annual mask usage exceeding 1.5 million tonnes and associated plastic waste of approximately 4.2 million tonnes. The study highlights that global COVID-19 responses substantially increased environmental microplastic burdens from single-use face mask disposal.

2022 Chemosphere 69 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of disposable facemasks during the COVID-19 pandemic: A focus on microplastics release

This review examines the environmental threats posed by disposable face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a focus on microplastic release. Researchers found that discarded masks undergo physical and chemical degradation in the environment, generating microplastics that contaminate both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The study provides an overview of current knowledge on microplastic extraction methods and proposes strategies for controlling mask-related plastic pollution through source reduction and improved waste management.

2022 Chemosphere 52 citations
Article Tier 2

Research on Design Strategy of Mask Recycling Service Based on Behavior Environment

This Chinese design research study proposed a service system for collecting and properly disposing of used face masks, which surged in volume during the COVID-19 pandemic. Masks are made from polypropylene microfibers that can become environmental microplastics if not managed properly after disposal.

2023 Sustainability 1 citations
Article Tier 2

COVID-19 clinical waste reuse: A triboelectric touch sensor for IoT-cloud supported smart hand sanitizer dispenser

Researchers repurposed COVID-19 waste (surgical masks and nitrile gloves) to fabricate a triboelectric nanogenerator — a device that converts mechanical motion into electricity — and integrated it with IoT cloud services to power a touchless hand sanitizer dispenser, demonstrating a waste-to-energy approach to pandemic plastic pollution.

2023 Nano Energy 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Mechanical Recycling of Disposable Protective Masks

Disposable face masks — a major source of pandemic-era plastic waste — were mechanically recycled through extrusion to assess whether their polypropylene layers retain useful material properties. The study found that mechanical recycling had only minor effects on thermal properties, suggesting masks could be diverted from landfill and reprocessed into raw material, reducing the chance that mask fibers fragment into environmental microplastics.

2024 Kemija u industriji 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Uncovering the Release of Micro/nanoplastics from Disposable Face Masks at Times of COVID-19

This study confirmed that disposable face masks release micro- and nanoplastic particles under environmental conditions including water exposure and mechanical stress. The release was enhanced by simulated weathering, raising concern about the environmental persistence and pollution potential of pandemic-era mask waste.

2021 1 citations
Article Tier 2

COVID-19 감염병 확산에 따른 일회용 마스크의 적정 관리 방안 연구

This Korean study examined the management problems with single-use face masks discarded during COVID-19, finding that masks contain microplastic components such as polypropylene fibers that can persist in the environment. The study called for better disposal protocols to prevent mask-derived microplastics from entering ecosystems.

2021 한국폐기물자원순환학회지
Article Tier 2

Disseminating the Biomedical Waste Generation Scenario During Covid-19: an Overview from the Lower Middle Income Country Bangladesh

This study quantified biomedical waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, estimating that about 158 million face masks were disposed of in urban areas alone during the study period, generating 517 tons of solid waste. Pandemic-related medical waste adds a significant burden of plastic pollution, including microplastic-shedding personal protective equipment.

2021 American International Journal of Nursing Education and Practice
Article Tier 2

Global face mask pollution: threats to the environment and wildlife, and potential solutions

Researchers reviewed the global face mask pollution crisis following COVID-19, estimating massive production volumes and finding that most disposal pathways generate secondary microplastic pollution or toxic emissions, and proposing countermeasures including biodegradable mask development and improved waste management policy.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 86 citations
Article Tier 2

Mechanical characterizations of waste face masks reinforced polyester composites: Recycling wastes into resources

Researchers explored recycling discarded face masks into composite materials by combining shredded mask fibers with polyester resin. The resulting composites showed promising mechanical strength comparable to natural fiber alternatives, suggesting that waste face masks could be repurposed rather than ending up as microplastic pollution in the environment.

2024 Heliyon 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification of Face Mask Waste Generation and Processing in Tourist Areas with Thermo-Chemical Process

Researchers assessed face mask waste generation in tourist areas and evaluated thermo-chemical processing as a disposal method, measuring the effectiveness of thermal treatment for reducing pandemic-era mask waste on beaches.

2023 Archives of Environmental Protection 30 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of masks on marine animals

Discarded COVID-19 face masks entering the ocean pose multiple threats to marine life, including entanglement, ingestion, and fragmentation into microplastic fibres. The paper outlines the scale of the problem and proposes policy and individual-behaviour responses, underscoring how pandemic-era single-use plastic waste created a new and rapid source of marine microplastic contamination.

2023 Theoretical and Natural Science