Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Techno-Economic Analysis of Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Masks Generated in the EU during COVID-19 Pandemic into Energy Products

Techno-economic analysis of pyrolysis and gasification for processing COVID-19 surgical mask waste found that both approaches can convert mask waste into valuable fuel products, with pyrolysis oil yield of 42.3% and hydrogen-rich syngas yield of 89.7% under optimal conditions.

2023 Energies 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Thermal characteristics and combustion reactivity of coronavirus face masks using TG-DTG-MS analysis

Researchers characterized the thermal combustion behavior of new and used COVID-19 face masks using simultaneous thermogravimetric and mass spectrometry analysis, finding that heating rate significantly influences ignition and burnout indices and that masks undergo complex multi-step polymer degradation pathways relevant to evaluating their potential for waste-to-energy conversion.

2022 Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Thermogravimetric analysis of face mask waste: Kinetic analysis via iso-conversional methods

Researchers analyzed the thermal decomposition of discarded face masks — which contain plastic microfibers — to evaluate their potential for energy recovery through pyrolysis. The COVID-19 pandemic generated enormous quantities of mask waste, and understanding their thermal behavior can inform strategies for safely processing this new category of plastic waste.

2023 MATEC Web of Conferences
Article Tier 2

Syngas Production from Protective Face Masks through Pyrolysis/Steam Gasification

This study explores converting discarded COVID-era face masks into syngas through steam gasification, offering a chemical recycling route for a massive new plastic waste stream. At 800 °C, both 3-ply surgical masks and KN95 respirators produced high yields of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The approach could help prevent mask plastics from entering the environment while recovering usable fuel gas.

2023 Energies 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic Waste Management towards Energy Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Example of Protective Face Mask Pyrolysis

Researchers analyzed the elemental composition and pyrolysis behavior of COVID-19 protective face masks, finding that pyrolysis at 400-900 degrees Celsius could effectively recover energy from pandemic-related plastic waste that overwhelmed conventional waste management systems.

2022 Energies 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Valorization of Face Masks Produced during COVID-19 Pandemic through Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC): A Preliminary Study

Researchers conducted a preliminary study of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 220 degrees C as a method for valorizing disposable surgical face masks generated during the COVID-19 pandemic, characterizing the resulting hydrochar via TGA, SEM, FTIR, and nitrogen physisorption and finding that masks melted and formed composite carbonaceous materials.

2023 Sustainability 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Preparing Fuel-Range Chemicals via the Direct and Selective Pyrolysis of Disposable Mask Waste for Sustainable Environment

Chemical pyrolysis of disposable facemask waste converts the polypropylene and polyamide components into high-value fuel-range chemicals including liquid hydrocarbon blends, aromatics, and C1-5 gas alkanes, offering a strategy to address mask-generated microplastic pollution while producing sustainable fuels.

2023 Catalysts 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification of Face Mask Waste Generation and Processing in Tourist Areas with Thermo-Chemical Process

Researchers assessed face mask waste generation in tourist areas and evaluated thermo-chemical processing as a disposal method, measuring the effectiveness of thermal treatment for reducing pandemic-era mask waste on beaches.

2023 Archives of Environmental Protection 30 citations
Article Tier 2

PID-Controlled Pyrolysis of Medical Mask Waste for Enhanced Alternative Fuel Production

Researchers proposed a PID-controlled pyrolysis system for medical mask waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluating its effectiveness for producing alternative fuel and addressing the urgent environmental challenge of plastic-based mask waste.

2025 Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan
Article Tier 2

Conversion of Waste Surgical Mask Into Energy Rich Oil by Pyrolysis Using Fly Ash as Catalyst

This study converted waste surgical masks — a major COVID-19 pandemic plastic waste problem — into energy-rich oil through catalytic pyrolysis using fly ash as a catalyst and food waste-derived biogas as the heat source. The approach offers a way to recover energy from the massive volumes of polypropylene mask waste generated during the pandemic.

2023 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Waste Face Surgical Mask Transformation into Crude Oil and Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers

Researchers developed a novel valorization process to convert waste surgical face masks into crude oil via pyrolysis and nanostructured carbon electrocatalysts for use in fuel cells and electrolyzers, demonstrating a dual-value approach to managing the large volumes of pandemic-generated plastic medical waste.

2021 ChemSusChem 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Life-Cycle Assessment of the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis over sepiolite of face masks

Researchers found that pyrolysis of discarded face masks into diesel-substitute oil significantly reduces environmental impact compared to landfilling, with thermal pyrolysis outperforming catalytic approaches using sepiolite across most environmental impact categories.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Review of the valorization options for the proper disposal of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers reviewed waste management options for the surge in discarded polypropylene face masks during COVID-19, finding that improper disposal contributes directly to microplastic pollution, and proposing valorization strategies — including energy recovery and material upcycling — tailored to country-level infrastructure and emergency conditions.

2021 Environmental Technology & Innovation 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Agro-residual biomass and disposable protective face mask: a merger for converting waste to plastic-fiber fuel via an integrative carbonization-pelletization framework

Researchers combined hydrothermal carbonization and pelletization to convert surgical face masks blended with agricultural biomass into solid fuel pellets, finding that the resulting composite fuel met quality standards for wood pellets and emitted CO and NOx below occupational safety limits, offering a waste-to-energy pathway for pandemic plastic waste.

2022 Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Facemasks and ferrous metallurgy: improving gasification reactivity of low-volatile coals using waste COVID-19 facemasks for ironmaking application

Researchers developed a method to grind waste COVID-19 facemasks into powder by melting them with coal dust, finding the mixture significantly improved the combustion efficiency of low-quality coal — offering a potential solution for recycling billions of discarded plastic masks through industrial steelmaking furnaces.

2022 Scientific Reports 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Waste Surgical Masks as Precursors of Activated Carbon: A Circular Economy Approach to Mitigate the Impact of Microplastics and Emerging Dye Contaminants

Waste surgical masks were converted into activated carbon materials through pyrolysis, demonstrating a circular approach for handling the surge in disposable mask waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Repurposing mask waste as functional carbon avoids its fragmentation into microplastics in the environment.

2025 Materials 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Disposal and resource utilization of waste masks: a review

Researchers reviewed current methods for disposing of and repurposing waste face masks — including mechanical recycling, catalytic pyrolysis for hydrogen production, and solvent-based dissolution — identifying solvent-based approaches as especially promising for converting mask polypropylene into multifunctional materials.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Low-Pressure Hydrothermal Processing of Disposable Face Masks into Oils

Researchers developed low-pressure hydrothermal processing methods to convert disposable face masks into oils, finding that oil yield and composition varied by feedstock material, particle size, and reaction conditions. With 5.4 million tons of face masks generated annually, converting them to oils offers a potential waste management pathway.

2023 Processes 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Personal protective equipment use during COVID-19 pandemic and associated waste management in households in Sri Lanka

Researchers estimated that COVID-19 PPE use in Sri Lanka generates approximately 88.5 tonnes of plastic waste daily, with 55% of facemasks disposed via open burning at homes, and identified major gaps in PPE waste management infrastructure while proposing pyrolysis-based energy recovery strategies.

2022
Article Tier 2

Accumulation of biomedical waste due to COVID-19: Concerns and strategies for effective treatment to control the pandemic

Researchers estimated that India generates approximately 88.5 tonnes of plastic PPE waste per day during COVID-19, with 55% of facemasks disposed of via open burning, and proposed pyrolysis-based energy recovery as a safer alternative to landfilling and uncontrolled incineration.

2022 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Study of Recycling Potential of FFP2 Face Masks and Characterization of the Plastic Mix-Material Obtained. A Way of Reducing Waste in Times of Covid-19

Researchers showed that FFP2 face masks can be mechanically recycled without pre-sorting their composite materials, producing a polymer blend with thermal and mechanical properties comparable to recycled polypropylene — offering a practical route to divert pandemic mask waste from the environment.

2021 Waste and Biomass Valorization 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Thermochemical recycling of waste disposable facemasks in a non-electrically powered system

A biomass-powered reactor was used to co-pyrolyze waste disposable facemasks with almond leaves, producing 46% biochar yield, higher than electrically powered reactors, providing a low-cost and electricity-independent approach to thermochemical recycling of mask waste.

2023 Low-carbon Materials and Green Construction 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Catalytic co-pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and surgical face mask (SFM) wastes: Thermo-kinetic study, ANN model fitting, and synergistic effect

Researchers studied the co-pyrolysis (simultaneous heat-breakdown) of oil palm waste and surgical face mask plastic to convert both into usable fuel, finding that a zeolite catalyst reduced the energy needed for the reaction by about 14%. This approach could help manage the surge of plastic PPE waste that would otherwise contribute to microplastic pollution in landfills and the environment.

2024 Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Co-Combustion Investigation of Wood Pellets Blended with FFP2 Masks: Analysis of the Ash Melting Temperature

Researchers investigated the combustion of FFP2 masks — widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic — blended with wood pellets, focusing on ash melting behavior. The mask material affected the melting temperature of the resulting ash. This study addresses a practical challenge of how to safely dispose of the enormous quantity of disposable masks that entered the waste stream during the pandemic.

2023 Forests 2 citations