Papers

61,005 results
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Review Tier 2

The degradation of single-use plastics and commercially viable bioplastics in the environment: A review

Researchers reviewed how conventional single-use plastics degrade over decades in natural environments versus how bioplastics biodegrade, finding that while alternatives like PBS and PHA show genuine biodegradation potential, most require specific industrial composting conditions that are rarely available in practice.

2023 Environmental Research 89 citations
Article Tier 2

Rigid and film bioplastics degradation under suboptimal composting conditions: A kinetic study

This study examined how well bioplastics — including PLA and starch-based film bags — degrade in home composting conditions that may not reach optimal temperatures, finding that film bioplastics degraded completely within 60 days but rigid PLA items would require 2-3 years at suboptimal conditions. These results highlight the gap between biodegradable plastic claims and real-world composting performance.

2021 Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing the Biodegradation Characteristics of Poly(Butylene Succinate) and Poly(Lactic Acid) Formulations Under Controlled Composting Conditions

Researchers assessed the biodegradation of PLA and PBS biopolymer films and granules under controlled composting conditions over six months. PLA-based materials showed limited degradation while PBS degraded more substantially, highlighting that compostability varies significantly among bioplastics and may be insufficient under real-world composting conditions.

2025 AppliedChem 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of Film and Rigid Bioplastics During the Thermophilic Phase and the Maturation Phase of Simulated Composting

Researchers tested how well commercially certified compostable bioplastics (starch-based, PBAT, and PLA) actually degrade under realistic industrial composting conditions, finding that PLA degradation was highly sensitive to both plastic thickness and the duration of the high-temperature composting phase. The results suggest that current industrial composting timelines may be insufficient to fully break down certified compostable plastics, raising questions about real-world end-of-life claims.

2021 Journal of Polymers and the Environment 96 citations
Article Tier 2

Programmed biodegradation of polymer blends and composites for applications in agriculture and horticulture

Researchers developed and evaluated polymer blends and composites based on PHBV, PHBH, PBS, and PLA for agricultural and horticultural applications, demonstrating through greenhouse cultivation trials that these materials retained full mechanical integrity during use and achieved programmed biodegradation after harvest, reducing the risk of persistent microplastic accumulation compared to conventional plastics.

2025 Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling
Article Tier 2

Chemical-Physical Characterization of Bio-Based Biodegradable Plastics in View of Identifying Suitable Recycling/Recovery Strategies and Numerical Modeling of PLA Pyrolysis

Researchers characterized several bio-based and biodegradable polymer alternatives to conventional plastics using chemical-physical methods, assessing their suitability for industrial composting and identifying challenges in managing these bioplastics in the existing waste stream.

2023 Waste and Biomass Valorization 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of a poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) compound in different environments

Researchers tested how a biodegradable plastic called PHBV breaks down under different environmental conditions, including soil burial, composting, and aquatic settings. They found that degradation rates varied considerably depending on the environment, with composting conditions producing the fastest breakdown. The study confirms that while PHBV is a promising alternative to conventional plastics, its real-world degradation depends heavily on disposal conditions.

2024 Heliyon 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Performance Spectrum of Home-Compostable Biopolymer Fibers Compared to a Petrochemical Alternative

Researchers compared home-compostable biopolymer fibers to conventional petrochemical alternatives, evaluating their mechanical performance and degradability to assess whether biobased materials can serve as viable substitutes that reduce microplastic pollution.

2023 Polymers 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradable Composites Based on Fossil Types of Raw Materials. Part Ii: the Process of Biodegradation (review)

This review (Part II) examines the biodegradation processes of composite materials made from conventional fossil-based plastics and biodegradable components. The study addresses how these hybrid materials break down under environmental conditions, relevant to understanding whether biodegradable plastic alternatives actually degrade as expected.

2023 Polymer materials and technologies 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Acceleration of Biodegradation Using Polymer Blends and Composites

This review examines how blending biodegradable polymers with other materials can tune both physical properties and biodegradation rates, noting that many biodegradable plastics degrade far more slowly than claimed. The authors stress that biodegradation claims require rigorous validation under realistic environmental conditions.

2023 Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Wasted Bioplastics in Natural and Industrial Environments: A Review

This review examines the biodegradation of bioplastics in both natural environments and industrial composting facilities, finding that many bioplastics degrade far more slowly outside industrial conditions than their labeling implies.

2020 Sustainability 441 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation and environmental assessment of compostable packaging mixed with biowaste in full-scale industrial composting conditions

Researchers ran a full-scale composting trial incorporating certified compostable plastics into household biowaste, finding that the materials lost 98% of their mass within four months with no adverse effects on compost safety, soil fertility, or crop growth, and a lower environmental impact than incineration for most indicators.

2024 Bioresource Technology 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Existing Scenario and Environmental Significance of Biodegradable Plastics: A Review for a Sustainable Future

This review examines the current status of biodegradable plastics derived from renewable sources (starch, PLA, PHA), covering production methods, degradation behavior, and their real-world performance as alternatives to petroleum-based plastics in reducing landfill burden and marine microplastic pollution.

2025 Green Energy and Environmental Technology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Composting of starch-based bioplastic bags: small scale test of degradation and size reduction trend

Small-scale composting experiments showed that starch-based bioplastic bags degraded physically and chemically over time, but the pace and completeness depended on conditions. The study addresses concerns that bioplastic bags used in food waste collection may not fully break down in composting facilities, potentially leaving plastic residue in compost.

2020 Detritus 20 citations
Article Tier 2

The Polymer-Plastisphere-Function Nexus Links to Divergent Biodegradation of Microplastics During Composting.

Researchers found a fundamental dichotomy in microplastic biodegradation during thermophilic composting, where biodegradable polymers (PLA, PBS, PBAT) underwent rapid degradation driven by selective microbial community assembly shaped by polymer chemistry, while conventional plastics resisted breakdown despite similar composting conditions.

2026 Environmental microbiology
Article Tier 2

Discussion about suitable applications for biodegradable plastics regarding their sources, uses and end of life

Researchers critically evaluated the scientific basis for biodegradable plastics as a solution to plastic pollution, concluding that no plastic biodegrades universally across all ecosystems, that treating the environment as a waste treatment system is unacceptable, and that compostable plastics require dedicated collection infrastructure to deliver on their environmental promise.

2022 Waste Management 70 citations
Article Tier 2

Polymer Biodegradability 2.0: A Holistic View on Polymer Biodegradation in Natural and Engineered Environments

Researchers reviewed the science of biodegradable plastics, examining how material properties and environmental conditions — such as temperature, moisture, and microbial activity — determine how quickly and completely a polymer breaks down. The chapter provides guidance for developing, testing, and regulating biodegradable alternatives to conventional plastics that persist in the environment.

2023 Advances in polymer science 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Different Types of Bioplastics through Composting—A Recent Trend in Green Recycling

This review examines the biodegradation of various bioplastics through composting and other environments. Researchers found that while bioplastics offer a promising sustainable alternative to petroleum-based plastics, their degradation rates are highly dependent on environmental conditions, and concerns remain about their leakage into the environment and long degradation timeframes during waste management.

2023 Catalysts 125 citations
Article Tier 2

Circular Economy Insights on the Suitability of New Tri-Layer Compostable Packaging Films after Degradation in Storage Conditions

Not relevant to microplastics — this packaging materials study evaluates whether tri-layer compostable films (PBAT/starch/PLA) retain their functional properties under standard storage conditions for 12 months before home composting.

2023 Polymers 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of microbial biomass content on biodegradation and mechanical properties of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) composites

This paper is not about microplastics — it studies how adding microbial biomass (algae and cyanobacteria) to a biodegradable polyester (PHB) accelerates its degradation rate in soil.

2023 Biodegradation 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation Studies of Polyhydroxybutyrate and Polyhydroxybutyrate-co-Polyhydroxyvalerate Films in Soil

Researchers studied the biodegradation properties of two bioplastic polymers, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and polyhydroxybutyrate-co-polyhydroxyvalerate (PHBV), in soil under different moisture conditions. Both polymers degraded completely in fully saturated soil, with the study tracking changes in appearance, chemical signatures, mechanical properties, and molecular weight, supporting these materials as viable biodegradable alternatives to conventional petrochemical-derived plastics.

2023 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 64 citations
Article Tier 2

Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments

This review provides an overview of how biodegradable plastics degrade under different environmental conditions including soil, freshwater, marine, and composting environments. It finds that biodegradability is a material property strongly dependent on environmental conditions, and that many so-called biodegradable plastics degrade far more slowly in nature than in controlled test conditions.

2020 Materials 196 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Hemicellulose-Cellulose-Starch-Based Bioplastics and Microbial Polyesters

This review examines the biodegradation of hemicellulose-, cellulose-, starch-, and microbial polyester-based bioplastics across different environments, highlighting that degradation rates vary widely by material type, microbial community, temperature, and humidity.

2021 Recycling 93 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of the Presence of Lignin from Woodflour on the Compostability of PHA-Based Biocomposites: Disintegration, Biodegradation and Microbial Dynamics

Researchers examined how lignin from woodflour affects the compostability of PHA-based biocomposites, finding that lignin addition influenced disintegration rates, biodegradation levels, and ecotoxicity outcomes during composting of these bioplastic materials.

2023 Polymers 31 citations