Existing Scenario and Environmental Significance of Biodegradable Plastics: A Review for a Sustainable Future

The growing environmental concerns regarding plastic pollution have driven research toward biodegradable plastics as a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based polymers. Biodegradable plastics, derived from renewable sources such as starch, polylactic acid, and polyhydroxyalkanoates, offer a promising solution to mitigate plastic waste accumulation. This review explores the current scenario of biodegradable plastics, emphasizing their environmental significance in reducing landfill burden and marine pollution. Various production methods, including microbial fermentation, chemical synthesis, and biopolymer blending, are discussed to highlight advancements in sustainable manufacturing processes. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of biodegradable plastics, including tensile strength, degradation rate, and thermal stability, are analysed to assess their viability across industries. Furthermore, their applications span packaging, agriculture, biomedical fields, and consumer goods, demonstrating their versatility of use. However, cost competitiveness remains a significant challenge, as biodegradable plastics often have higher production costs than conventional plastics, limiting large-scale adoption. Strategies such as improved bioprocessing techniques, policy interventions, and circular economy approaches are essential for enhancing economic feasibility. This review underscores the need for continued innovation and policy support to drive the widespread adoption of biodegradable plastics, ultimately contributing to a sustainable and environmentally responsible future.