Papers

61,005 results
|
Review Tier 2

Microplastic contamination and accumulation in municipal solid waste: A global review of sources, pathways, and impacts

This global review examines microplastic contamination in municipal solid waste, covering sources from landfills, sewage sludge, compost, and food waste, and how plastic particles from these land-based waste streams enter soil, groundwater, and eventually the food chain.

2025 Environmental Health Engineering and Management
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as an underestimated emerging contaminant in solid organic waste and their biological products: Occurrence, fate and ecological risks

This review identified solid organic waste streams including compost, sewage sludge, and food waste as important but underappreciated repositories of microplastics that can reintroduce particles into agricultural soils and water systems. The authors call for standardized monitoring of microplastics in organic waste before environmental application.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 71 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution characteristics of microplastics in typical organic solid wastes and their biologically treated products

Researchers extracted and characterized microplastics from food waste, livestock manure, sludge, and their composted or digested products, finding MPs in all organic waste types with concentrations varying by matrix. The study highlights organic waste management pathways as an understudied route for microplastic transfer to agricultural soils.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 40 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Occurrence, spatiotemporal trends, fate, and treatment technologies for microplastics and organic contaminants in biosolids: A review

This meta-analysis examines how microplastics and organic pollutants end up in biosolids (treated sewage) and what happens when those biosolids are applied to farmland. The data show that microplastics are among the most common contaminants found in biosolids, raising concerns about long-term buildup in the soils where our food is grown.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 25 citations
Review Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A review

This review examines the presence and fate of microplastics in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, a topic that has received less attention than microplastics in the water treatment line. The study highlights that agricultural application of sewage sludge is a primary source of microplastic contamination in soils, and provides a comprehensive overview of detection methods, concentrations, and the environmental implications of sludge-borne microplastics.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 64 citations
Article Tier 2

Origin, Distribution, Fate, and Remediation of Microplastics in Biowastes and Biowaste-Amended Soil

This review chapter tracks how microplastics enter agricultural soil through land-applied biowastes — manure, compost, crop residues, and biosolids — and how they then become available for uptake by soil organisms and entry into the food chain. Because microplastics adsorb other contaminants and act as vectors for co-pollutants, the authors argue that biowaste land application is a significant but underappreciated pathway for microplastic accumulation in the human food supply.

2023 Apple Academic Press eBooks
Article Tier 2

Do contaminants compromise the use of recycled nutrients in organic agriculture? A review and synthesis of current knowledge on contaminant concentrations, fate in the environment and risk assessment

This review examines whether recycled nutrients from waste streams, such as sewage sludge and compost, introduce harmful contaminants including microplastics into organic farmland. While levels of heavy metals and many pollutants have decreased in European waste streams, microplastic contamination in agricultural soil remains widespread and poorly understood. The review highlights that spreading waste-derived fertilizers on farmland is a significant pathway for microplastics to enter the food production system.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Solid waste: An overlooked source of microplastics to the environment

This review highlights solid waste, including landfill material, sewage sludge, and food waste, as overlooked but significant sources of microplastic pollution. Microplastics in these waste streams can carry other harmful pollutants and enter the food chain when sewage sludge is spread on farmland or leachate seeps into water sources. Understanding these pathways is critical because they represent some of the main ways microplastics move from land into the water and food that people consume.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 342 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A Known but Underrated Pathway in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review finds that wastewater treatment plants effectively transfer microplastics from effluent into sewage sludge, creating a significant but underrated pathway for MP contamination when sludge is applied to agricultural soils.

2021 Sustainability 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Biosolids-derived fertilisers: A review of challenges and opportunities

This review examines the use of treated sewage sludge (biosolids) as farm fertilizer and the concern that it introduces microplastics and persistent organic contaminants into agricultural soil. While biosolids provide valuable nutrients for crops, the microplastics they contain can accumulate in soil over time and potentially enter the food chain. The authors discuss thermal processing and nutrient recovery technologies that could help remove contaminants while preserving the fertilizer value of biosolids.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 104 citations
Article Tier 2

Variation in microplastic concentration, characteristics and distribution in sewage sludge & biosolids around the world

Researchers systematically reviewed 65 studies on microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants around the world. They found that while treatment processes remove 57% to 99% of microplastics from wastewater, the removed particles concentrate in sludge that is often applied to agricultural land. The review highlights that land application of biosolids may be a significant, underappreciated pathway for microplastic pollution in soils.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 95 citations
Article Tier 2

Solid-Embedded Microplastics from Sewage Sludge to Agricultural Soils: Detection, Occurrence, and Impacts

This review examined microplastics embedded in solid matrices — particularly sewage sludge applied to agricultural soils — covering detection methods, occurrence data, and ecological impacts of solid-phase microplastic contamination as a distinct pathway compared to aquatic environments.

2021 ACS ES&T Water 41 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in sewage sludge: Abundance, characteristics, and impacts on the environment and human health

This review focuses on microplastics found in sewage sludge, which is often spread on agricultural land as fertilizer. The practice introduces microplastics directly into farm soil, where they can be taken up by crops or leach into groundwater. This creates a pathway for microplastics to reach human food and drinking water, raising concerns about the safety of using sewage sludge in agriculture.

2023 Environmental Technology & Innovation 98 citations
Article Tier 2

Source, occurrence, migration and potential environmental risk of microplastics in sewage sludge and during sludge amendment to soil

This review examines microplastics in sewage sludge and the risks of applying sludge as agricultural fertilizer, finding that sludge acts as both a sink for sewage microplastics and a source when spread on fields. Co-accumulated heavy metals, antibiotics, and antibiotic resistance genes on microplastics further complicate the environmental risks of sludge amendment to soils.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 190 citations
Article Tier 2

Organic amendments as vectors of micro and macro plastic pollution of terrestrial ecosystems

Researchers analyzed seven types of organic amendments commonly applied to farmland, including sewage sludge, manure, composts, and digestates, for microplastic contamination. They found microplastics in all samples, with sewage sludge containing the highest levels and a wide variety of polymer types. The study demonstrates that organic soil amendments are an important and underappreciated pathway through which both micro and macro plastics enter agricultural soils.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Variation in microplastic concentration, characteristics and distribution in sewage sludge & biosolids around the world

This review synthesizes global data on microplastic concentrations, characteristics, and distribution in sewage sludge and biosolids, drawing on studies showing wastewater treatment works remove 57-99% of incoming microplastics, concentrating them in sludge byproducts. The review highlights the significance of this concentration pathway and what happens to these microplastics when sludge is applied to land or otherwise managed.

2025 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Investigation and analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids: A case study from one wastewater treatment works in the UK (article)

This UK case study tracked microplastics through an entire sewage sludge treatment stream at one wastewater works, from raw influent through to biosolids applied to agricultural land. Microplastics were present at every stage and concentrated in biosolids, suggesting land application of biosolids is a significant pathway for introducing microplastics into agricultural soils.

2025 Figshare
Article Tier 2

The treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) as a possible source of micro- and nano-plastics and bioplastics in agroecosystems: a review

Researchers reviewed how treating municipal organic waste — like food scraps — for compost and fertilizer introduces micro- and nanoplastics, including fragments of biodegradable plastics, into farmland soils, with current data too limited to fully assess the contamination risk of applying this waste to agricultural fields.

2022 Chemical and Biological Technologies in Agriculture 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of microplastics in sewage sludge and in agricultural soils

Researchers reviewed how microplastics accumulate in sewage sludge at wastewater treatment plants and then spread into agricultural soils when that sludge is applied as fertilizer, finding that sludge treatment processes can alter microplastic size and shape but do not eliminate them. The review calls for standardized methods to study how different sludge treatments affect microplastic properties and their downstream risks to soil health.

2023 TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 52 citations
Article Tier 2

[Microplastics in wastewater treatment: current status and future trends].

This review summarizes current research on microplastic occurrence, removal, and fate in wastewater treatment plants, noting that while plants capture most microplastics in activated sludge, significant numbers still escape into effluent. The sludge itself then becomes a major pathway for microplastics to enter agricultural soils when applied as fertilizer. Future treatment improvements and sludge management policies are needed to reduce these release pathways.

2022 PubMed 4 citations
Article Tier 2

From organic fertilizer to the soils: What happens to the microplastics? A critical review

This review traces how microplastics enter agricultural soil through organic fertilizers made from municipal waste, sewage sludge, and animal manure. During the composting process, the microplastics undergo physical and chemical changes that can make them better at absorbing other pollutants from the soil. The review highlights that applying organic fertilizer to farmland is a major but often overlooked pathway for microplastics to contaminate the food supply.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics identification and quantification in the composted Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste

Researchers quantified microplastics in composted organic municipal solid waste from five facilities, finding contamination levels that raise concerns about compost quality and the potential transfer of microplastics to agricultural soils through organic waste recycling.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 125 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: Worldwide Presence in Biosolids, Environmental Impact, Identification Methods and Possible Routes of Degradation, Including the Hydrothermal Carbonization Process

This review examines the worldwide presence of microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids, along with their environmental impact when applied to agricultural land. Researchers found that wastewater treatment plants capture roughly 90% of incoming microplastics in sludge, but land application of biosolids then redistributes these particles into soils, highlighting the need for better degradation methods.

2024 Energies 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics generation and concentration during mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal solid waste

Researchers found that mechanical-biological treatment of mixed municipal solid waste generates and concentrates microplastics across multiple processing stages, with the stabilized organic output containing significant microplastic loads — raising concerns about the use of this material as compost or soil amendment.

2022 Environmental Research 27 citations