Papers

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Article Tier 2

Morphological and Chemical Characteristics of Microplastics in Surface Water of the Vaal River, South Africa

Researchers surveyed 60 kilometers of South Africa's Vaal River and found microplastics in every surface water sample, with fragments and fibers making up 81% of particles and common packaging plastics (HDPE, PP, LDPE) as the main polymers. This is one of the first detailed microplastic assessments of a major South African freshwater system, establishing a baseline for future pollution monitoring.

2024 Environmental Processes 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Abundance and Sources in Surface Water Samples of the Vaal River, South Africa

Researchers surveyed microplastic contamination in the surface waters of the Vaal River in South Africa, finding microplastics present at every sampling site. The particles were predominantly fragments and fibers smaller than one millimeter, identified as polyethylene and polypropylene from secondary sources such as single-use plastics and textiles. The findings highlight growing concerns about microplastic pollution in South African freshwater systems and its potential effects on aquatic life.

2024 Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in freshwater environment: the first evaluation in sediment of the Vaal River, South Africa

Researchers conducted the first assessment of microplastic pollution in the Vaal River, South Africa, finding microplastics in 100% of sediment samples at an average of 463 particles per kilogram, with polyethylene and polypropylene as the dominant polymer types.

2022 Heliyon 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic abundance, distribution, and diversity in water and sediments along a subtropical river system

Researchers investigated microplastic abundance in water and sediments along a subtropical river system in South Africa, finding widespread contamination with fibers as the dominant shape and polyethylene as the most common polymer type.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Characteristics of microplastics in sediment of the Vaal River, South Africa: implications on bioavailability and toxicity

Researchers analyzed sediment samples from South Africa's Vaal River and found microplastics at all sampling sites, with small fragments under 0.5 millimeters being the most common. The chemical analysis revealed that many of the particles contained potentially toxic additives and showed signs of environmental weathering. The findings raise concerns about the bioavailability of these contaminated particles to river organisms and downstream communities that rely on the water.

2023 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing microplastic characteristics and abundance in the sediment and surface water of the Diep River, Western Cape, South Africa

Researchers investigated microplastic pollution in the Diep River in South Africa's Western Cape, analyzing both water and sediment samples from five locations. Fibers were the most dominant microplastic shape at all sites, with polyethylene and polystyrene being the most common polymer types. The study found that tourist and recreational areas had higher microplastic contamination than non-tourist areas.

2025 Environmental Pollution 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Spatio-temporal distribution of microplastics in water and sediment samples of the Plankenburg river, Western Cape, South Africa

Researchers monitored microplastic pollution in water and sediment of the Plankenburg River in South Africa across four seasons. The study found that spring had the highest microplastic concentrations in both water and sediment, with fibers being the most common particle type, and polyethylene and polypropylene identified as the dominant polymer types.

2023 Environmental Pollution 75 citations
Article Tier 2

Limited long-distance transport of plastic pollution by the Orange-Vaal River system, South Africa

Researchers sampled water from 33 bridges along South Africa's Orange-Vaal River system at wet and dry seasons and found microfibres at every site (>99% of items), but found that larger plastic fragments were largely confined to urban upstream reaches, suggesting the river transports fibres widely but limits long-distance transport of larger debris.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 117 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of urbanisation and a wastewater treatment plant on microplastic densities along a subtropical river system

Researchers quantified microplastic pollution in sediments along a subtropical river system in southern Africa and examined how urbanization and wastewater treatment affect contamination levels. They found that microplastic densities were highest near urban areas and downstream of wastewater treatment plants. The study suggests that urban development and inadequate wastewater infrastructure are key drivers of freshwater microplastic pollution in the region.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 63 citations
Article Tier 2

First biomonitoring of microplastic pollution in the Vaal river using Carp fish (Cyprinus carpio) “as a bio-indicator”

Researchers assessed microplastic ingestion by common carp in the Vaal River, South Africa, detecting 682 particles across 26 fish at an average of 26 particles per fish. Fibers dominated (69%) and were mostly colored, with five polymer types identified by Raman spectroscopy, providing the first record of microplastic uptake by freshwater biota in the Vaal River.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 53 citations
Article Tier 2

Spatiotemporal distributions of microplastics in Buffalo River, South Africa: abundance, characteristics and adsorption of heavy metals

Researchers investigated microplastic distribution and heavy metal adsorption in the Buffalo River of South Africa across both dry and wet seasons. They found that rainfall patterns significantly influenced microplastic abundance in sediments, with fibers and fragments of polyethylene and polypropylene being the most common types. Heavy metals including iron, nickel, and copper were found adsorbed onto the microplastic surfaces, with concentrations varying by particle size.

2025 International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants by spectroscopic and microscopic techniques in Johannesburg East, South Africa

Researchers at two Johannesburg wastewater treatment works found extremely high concentrations of microplastics — over 3,000 particles per liter of influent — with the treatment processes removing most but not all particles before discharge. The study fills a data gap for South Africa and confirms that wastewater plants in the region are both a sink and a residual source of microplastic pollution into receiving water bodies.

2023 Water Practice & Technology 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of pollution sources of microplastics and associated microbial populations in surface water

Researchers examined how pollution sources—including wastewater treatment plants, agricultural areas, urban runoff, and industrial discharge—influence microplastic abundance and associated microbial communities in the uMsunduzi River in South Africa across two seasons.

2025
Article Tier 2

Investigation of microplastic contamination in the sediments of Noyyal River- Southern India

Researchers documented microplastic contamination across 15 sites in the urban Noyyal River in southern India, finding concentrations up to 6,500 particles per cubic meter in dried sediments, with fragments and fibers in a variety of colors the most common forms.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 34 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, distribution and provenance of micro plastics: A large scale quantitative analysis of beach sediments from southeastern coast of South Africa

Microplastics were found in high abundance across nine tourist beaches in South Africa, with polypropylene and rayon dominating, and concentrations highest in Durban city beaches influenced by coastal currents and urban plastic inputs. Surface analysis revealed weathering features consistent with long-term environmental exposure.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 59 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment, characterization, and quantification of microplastics from river sediments

Researchers assessed microplastic contamination in sediments from 14 sites along the Kaveri River in South India, characterizing particle types, sizes, and polymer compositions to quantify the extent of microplastic pollution in this freshwater system.

2022 Chemosphere 86 citations
Article Tier 2

The microplastic profile of an urban African stream

Microplastics were detected in water, sediment, and chironomid larvae in the Braamfontein Spruit urban stream in Johannesburg, South Africa, with weirs and areas of reduced flow increasing local accumulation in sediment and invertebrates. The study demonstrates that urban stream features can concentrate microplastics and increase exposure for benthic organisms.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 133 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying environmental emissions of microplastics from urban rivers in Melbourne, Australia

Researchers quantified microplastic pollution in four Melbourne rivers flowing into Port Phillip Bay, finding an average of 9 microplastics per liter with polyamide and polypropylene among the most common polymers detected across all sampling sites.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 citations
Article Tier 2

A systems approach to understand microplastic occurrence and variability in Dutch riverine surface waters

Microplastic concentrations in two Dutch rivers ranged from 67 to 11,532 particles per cubic meter, varying by two orders of magnitude across space and one order over time, with polyethylene and polypropylene the most common polymers among 26 types identified. Rigorous quality assurance procedures including partial filter analysis guidelines are proposed to improve measurement reliability.

2020 Water Research 209 citations
Article Tier 2

Characteristics, Contamination Levels, and Ecosystem Risk Assessment of Microplastics in Surface Water of a Highly Urbanized River from a Developing Country

Researchers characterized microplastic contamination in an urban river near a megacity in a developing country, finding concentrations of 350 to 660 particles per cubic meter of water. Polyethylene and polypropylene from household and municipal waste were the most common types, and a risk assessment found concerning contamination levels at several sampling sites. The study highlights how rivers in developing nations can serve as major pathways for microplastics to reach the ocean and enter the food chain.

2024 ACS Omega 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Namibian river sediments – a first evaluation

Researchers conducted the first microplastic survey of river sediments across Namibia's major catchments, detecting microplastics in every sampled river system and finding the highest concentrations in the densely populated Iishana region of northern Namibia.

2022 Microplastics and Nanoplastics 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in aquatic environment: characterization, ecotoxicological effect, implications for ecosystems and developments in South Africa

This review examined microplastic sources, transport, chemical interactions, characterization methods, and ecotoxicological effects in aquatic environments, with a focus on the South African context. The authors assessed microplastic fate in wastewater treatment plants and summarized the current state and trends of microplastic research in South African freshwater and marine ecosystems.

2020 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 87 citations
Article Tier 2

Profiling microplastics in a forgotten river system in Southern Africa

Researchers profiled microplastic distribution across the Nyl, Mogalakwena, and Limpopo Rivers in South Africa over multiple seasons. They found that seasons with reduced water flow had significantly higher microplastic concentrations in both water and sediment, while high-flow seasons produced a more evenly distributed but lower overall abundance. The study also detected microplastics in benthic macroinvertebrates throughout the river system, indicating the particles have become bioavailable in the food web.

2025 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Prevalence of Microplastic Pollution in Freshwater Ecosystem: A Case Study of Thal Canal

Researchers surveyed microplastic contamination in a freshwater ecosystem in a case study region, measuring particle concentrations and types in water and sediment samples across multiple sites. Microplastics were detected at all sampling locations with higher concentrations near urban areas, and fibres and fragments were the dominant particle morphologies found.

2024 Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences B Life and Environmental Sciences 1 citations