Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

Protecting public health and the environment: towards a general ban on cellulose acetate cigarette filters in the European Union

This paper reviewed evidence on cellulose acetate cigarette filters, finding that they encourage smoking, are inhaled more deeply, and are a significant source of persistent plastic pollution, supporting calls for a general ban on cellulose acetate filters.

2023 Frontiers in Public Health 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Tiny but Deadly: a Threat to Environment

This study quantified toxic metals leaching from discarded cigarette butts — the most common form of plastic litter — finding that both the filter and the whole butt release metals into water. Cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate plastic and represent a poorly recognized source of chemical pollution in the environment.

2023 PARIPEX INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH
Review Tier 2

A Review of Environmental Pollution from the Use and Disposal of Cigarettes and Electronic Cigarettes: Contaminants, Sources, and Impacts

Researchers reviewed the environmental pollution caused by the use and disposal of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes, including their role as a source of microplastic contamination. Cigarette butts made of cellulose acetate are minimally degradable and represent a major source of both bulk plastic and microplastic pollution, particularly in aquatic ecosystems. The study documents that cigarette butt leachate and nicotine are toxic to a wide range of organisms from microbes to mammals.

2021 Sustainability 73 citations
Article Tier 2

Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern

Researchers investigated whether cigarette butts are a significant source of microfiber pollution by analyzing smoked and unsmoked filters. They found that cigarette filters release large quantities of cellulose acetate microfibers, with smoked filters releasing even more than unsmoked ones due to degradation during use. The study identifies discarded cigarette butts as an overlooked but substantial contributor to microplastic pollution in the environment.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 201 citations
Article Tier 2

Review on Recycling of Microplastics in Cigarette Butts

This review examined the problem of cigarette butt waste, noting that cellulose acetate filters take approximately 10 years to degrade and represent a globally pervasive source of microplastic pollution. The authors surveyed recycling approaches for cigarette butts including fiber recovery and use in construction materials.

2022 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Koja je cijena pušenja? – Opasnosti za okoliš

This Croatian paper reviews the environmental hazards of cigarette butt litter, noting that approximately 80% of cigarette butts are discarded into the environment. Cigarette filters are made from cellulose acetate, a polymer that degrades slowly and leaches toxic chemicals into soil and water. The authors discuss biodegradable filter alternatives as a strategy to reduce plastic pollution from tobacco products.

2023 Kemija u industriji
Article Tier 2

Recovery of cellulose acetate bioplastic from cigarette butts: realization of a sustainable sorbent for water remediation

Researchers developed a method to recycle cellulose acetate plastic from discarded cigarette filters — one of the world's most common litter items — and repurpose it into a sponge-like material that removes pollutants from water with over 79% efficiency, turning a major source of microplastic pollution into a useful cleanup tool.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of nanoplastics in the environment: Implication of the cigarette butts

This study investigated cigarette butts as an underrecognized source of nanoplastic pollution, finding that cellulose acetate filters can fragment into nanoscale particles that disperse in the environment. Given the enormous volume of cigarette litter worldwide, butts may represent a significant and overlooked nanoplastic pathway.

2020 Environmental Pollution 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of Weathering on the Degradation of Cellulose Acetate Microplastics Obtained from Used Cigarette Butts

Researchers compared how two types of cigarette filters — traditional ones and newer heated tobacco product filters — break down when exposed to simulated weathering conditions. They found that both release cellulose acetate microplastics into the environment, and the newer products also contain a polylactic acid film that adds another source of plastic pollution. The study suggests that despite marketing claims, newer tobacco products still contribute to environmental microplastic contamination through their discarded filters.

2023 Polymers 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Time to kick the butt of the most common litter item in the world: Ban cigarette filters

Researchers argue that cigarette filters, made of cellulose acetate single-use plastic, offer no public health benefit while being the most littered item globally and a significant source of microplastics, toxic chemical leaching, and ecological harm.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 38 citations
Article Tier 2

A review on cigarette butts: Environmental abundance, characterization, and toxic pollutants released into water from cigarette butts

This review examines the environmental impact of discarded cigarette butts, which number in the trillions worldwide each year and are among the most common litter items. Researchers found that cigarette filters release harmful substances including heavy metals, nicotine, and cellulose acetate microplastic fibers when they enter water. The study highlights that cigarette butt pollution represents a significant but often overlooked source of both chemical contamination and microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 24 citations
Article Tier 2

The environmental and health impacts of tobacco agriculture, cigarette manufacture and consumption

This review examines the environmental footprint of tobacco beyond the well-known health harms, covering impacts at every stage from crop growing to cigarette butt disposal. Cigarette filters — which are made of plastic — are among the most common items found in environmental litter surveys, contributing both microplastics and toxic chemicals to soil and water.

2015 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90 citations
Article Tier 2

Cigarette butts as a source of urban ecosystem pollution

Cigarette butts—the world's most littered item at ~4.5 trillion discarded annually—introduce over 4,000 chemicals into ecosystems and are a major source of microplastic fibers from cellulose acetate filters, with this review analyzing the toxicity of cigarette butt filtrate to aquatic and terrestrial organisms.

2025 E3S Web of Conferences
Review Tier 2

A review of occurrence and concentrations of cellulose acetate and other artificial cellulose microfibers in aquatic environmental matrices: an indicator of cigarette butts’ contamination?

This review examines the occurrence of cellulose acetate microfibers in aquatic environments, primarily originating from discarded cigarette butts, which are among the most littered items worldwide. The authors found that cellulose acetate is one of the most frequently detected microfiber types in water, sediment, and marine organisms, with higher accumulations in sediment and bottom-dwelling animals. The study suggests that cellulose acetate levels could serve as an indicator of cigarette butt contamination in the environment.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Smoked cigarette butts: Unignorable source for environmental microplastic fibers

Researchers highlight that discarded cigarette butts, made of cellulose acetate plastic, are an overlooked but major source of environmental microplastic fibers, with each butt containing over 15,000 detachable plastic strands. They estimate that approximately 300,000 tons of potential microplastic fibers from cigarette butts may enter aquatic environments annually. The study notes that these fibers also carry toxic substances like nicotine and carcinogenic compounds that can harm aquatic organisms.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 102 citations
Article Tier 2

Cellulosic Materials from Cigarette Butts for Additive Manufacturing

Researchers recovered cellulose acetate from waste cigarette butts through water and ethanol washes followed by dissolution and reprecipitation, characterised the recovered polymer against commercial and unsmoked filter cellulose acetate, and converted it into feedstock for 3D printing.

2024 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Cigarette filters as a major source of microfibers in aquatic environments.

This study found that discarded cigarette butts persistently release cellulose acetate microfibers into aquatic environments, identifying cigarette filters as a major and underappreciated source of microfiber pollution. The research quantified microfiber release rates under simulated environmental conditions.

2025 Scientific reports
Article Tier 2

A preliminary study on 3D printing feedstock derived from cellulose recovered from cigarette butts

Not relevant to microplastics — this study describes a process for recovering cellulose acetate from waste cigarette butts and converting it into feedstock for 3D printing, focusing on material recovery rather than microplastic pollution.

2024 Cellulose 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation Characteristics of Cellulose Acetate in Different Aqueous Conditions

Researchers studied the degradation behavior of cellulose acetate (used in cigarette filters and packaging) under different aqueous conditions, providing fundamental information needed to address its environmental persistence.

2023 Polymers 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Modelling the global economic costs of tobacco product waste

Researchers modeled the global economic costs of improper tobacco product waste disposal, focusing on the cellulose acetate filters in cigarette butts, which are the world's most collected litter item. The modeling estimated substantial municipal cleanup costs and environmental damage costs attributable to cigarette butt waste globally, providing economic arguments for filter bans.

2022 Bulletin of the World Health Organization 19 citations
Article Tier 2

A preliminary investigation of associated chemicals in cigarette butt waste from the tourist beach area of North Jakarta, Indonesia

Cigarette butts collected from a tourist beach in North Jakarta were found to contain a complex mixture of aliphatic and aromatic chemicals, despite the beach receiving regular cleaning. Because cigarette filters are made of cellulose acetate — a persistent plastic-like material — this study highlights that cigarette butt litter is both a significant form of beach plastic pollution and a chemical contamination source in coastal environments.

2024 BIO Web of Conferences 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The unignorable ecological impact of cigarette butts in the ocean: an underestimated and under-researched concern

This opinion piece argues that cigarette butts — which contain plastic cellulose acetate filters that fragment into microplastics — are a significantly underestimated source of ocean plastic pollution. Billions of cigarette butts are discarded each year, and recognizing them as a major microplastic source is important for designing more effective litter-reduction policies.

2023 Frontiers in Marine Science 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigating the inflammatory effect of microplastics in cigarette butts on peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Researchers exposed human immune cells to microplastic fibers from cigarette filters (made of cellulose acetate) and found they triggered a significant inflammatory response. At higher concentrations, the microfibers reduced cell survival and caused immune cells to release inflammatory signaling molecules (TNF-alpha and IL-6). Since cigarette filter microplastics are found widely in water, soil, and air, this suggests they could cause harmful inflammation when they enter the human body.

2025 Scientific Reports 12 citations
Article Tier 2

A Comprehensive Study of Biodegradation of Cigarette Filters and Bidi Butts

This study assessed the biodegradation of cigarette filters and bidi butts using standardized international methods. Cigarette filters, made of cellulose acetate plastic, are among the most littered items globally and degrade slowly into microplastics. The research quantifies degradation rates to better understand the environmental persistence of this common litter.

2022 Contributions to Tobacco & Nicotine Research 4 citations