Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent

Researchers conducted a wide survey of US municipal wastewater treatment plants and found microplastics widely present in effluent, confirming that conventional treatment does not fully remove microplastics and that treatment plants are ongoing sources of environmental contamination.

2016 Environmental Pollution 1124 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization and removal of microplastics in a sewage treatment plant from urban Nagpur, India

Researchers detected microplastics in all stages of a sewage treatment plant in Nagpur, India, finding that the treatment process reduced but did not eliminate microplastics from effluent. Sludge accumulated high concentrations of microplastics, raising concerns about land application of treated sludge.

2022 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 41 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plants as a pathway for microplastics: Development of a new approach to sample wastewater-based microplastics

Researchers developed a new sampling and monitoring protocol for microplastics at wastewater treatment plants, enabling more consistent tracking of microplastic loads through treatment stages and discharged effluent.

2017 Water Research 1317 citations
Article Tier 2

Presence, identification and characterization of microplastics in a water treatment plant in a municipality in northern Paraná

Researchers investigated the presence, identification, and characterization of microplastics in a water treatment plant in northern Paraná, Brazil, examining whether the treatment process removes MPs from source water before distribution. Microplastics were detected, raising concerns about whether the plant provides adequate protection against this emerging contaminant in drinking water.

2025 LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Article Tier 2

Study of occurrence, abundance, and characterization of microplastics in wastewater treatment plant in New Delhi, India

Researchers quantified microplastic prevalence in influent, treated effluent, and sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in New Delhi, finding that MPs are present throughout the treatment process and that the plant incompletely removes them, discharging MPs into receiving waters.

2025 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
Article Tier 2

Research progress on microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: A holistic review

This review provides a holistic assessment of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, covering sampling methods, occurrence patterns across treatment stages, removal efficiencies, and the environmental risks posed by microplastic discharge through effluent and sludge.

2022 Journal of Environmental Management 88 citations
Article Tier 2

Establishment and application of standard analysis methods for microplastic samples: Urban sewage and sewage sludge as a source of microplastics in the environment

Researchers developed a standardized method for measuring microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and found that treated wastewater still releases an estimated 14.2 billion microplastic particles per day into the environment. While treatment plants remove most microplastics from the water, many end up concentrated in sewage sludge, which is often spread on farmland. The findings highlight that wastewater treatment is a major pathway for microplastics to reach rivers and agricultural soil.

2025 Environmental Research 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of the Presence of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Development and Verification of Strategies for Their Quantification and Removal in Aqueous Streams

Researchers evaluated microplastic presence in wastewater treatment plants and developed a pilot capture system capable of detecting, quantifying, and removing microplastic particles from water. The study found that conventional treatment processes are insufficient for complete microplastic removal, highlighting the need for dedicated technologies to address this gap in water treatment infrastructure.

2025 Sustainability 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in a conventional wastewater treatment plant in Thailand

Microplastic contamination was investigated throughout a conventional urban wastewater treatment plant in Thailand, tracking particles through influent, treatment stages, and effluent. The study quantified how treatment processes reduced but did not eliminate microplastic discharge into receiving water bodies.

2021 Waste Management & Research The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 64 citations
Article Tier 2

Circulation of microplastics in a municipal wastewater treatment plant with multiphase activated sludge

Researchers tracked the circulation of microplastics through a municipal wastewater treatment plant, from raw wastewater through sludge processing. They found that most microplastics accumulated in sewage sludge at high concentrations, and that leachate from sludge treatment recycled microplastics back into the treatment process. The study highlights how wastewater treatment plants can inadvertently redistribute microplastics rather than fully removing them from the waste stream.

2024 Desalination and Water Treatment 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in microplastics removal: Insights from multiple analytical techniques

Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in removing microplastics across multiple treatment stages, finding removal efficiencies of 70–90% but documenting that billions of particles still pass through in final effluent daily.

2025 Journal of Environmental Sciences 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Abundance and removal of microplastics in sewerage treatment plants: A case study of Ujung Menteng Flat House

Researchers evaluated microplastic characteristics and removal efficiency at the Ujung Menteng Flat House Sewerage Treatment Plant in Indonesia, sampling from influent, activated sludge, and effluent to assess how effectively existing wastewater infrastructure — not designed for microplastic removal — reduces contamination.

2025 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science
Article Tier 2

Occurrence Characterization and Contamination Risk Evaluation of Microplastics in Hefei’s Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant

Researchers characterized microplastic contamination at various stages of a wastewater treatment plant in Hefei, China, under both dry and rainy weather conditions. They found that while the treatment process removed a significant portion of microplastics, notable amounts still passed into the effluent, with rain increasing contamination levels. The study provides a detailed assessment of how effectively current wastewater treatment technology handles microplastic pollution.

2023 Water 36 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater Treatment Plants as a Key Source of Secondary Microplastic in the Urban Environment

Researchers investigated the occurrence, distribution, and characteristics of microplastics in sewage sludge from two wastewater treatment plants in Uttarakhand, India, finding that WWTPs act as a key source of secondary microplastic pollution in the urban environment as sludge concentrates particles removed during treatment.

2024 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants

Researchers tracked microplastic particles through multiple stages of a wastewater treatment plant, finding that particles were concentrated in sludge but that a fraction passed through each treatment stage and remained in the final effluent.

2016 Water Research 1704 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in real wastewater treatment schemes: Comparative assessment and relevant inhibition effects on anaerobic processes

Researchers studied the occurrence and removal of microplastics through different stages of a wastewater treatment plant in Central Italy. They found that while treatment processes removed a substantial portion of incoming microplastics, significant numbers still passed into the effluent, and microplastics also inhibited anaerobic digestion processes used for sludge treatment. The study highlights that wastewater treatment plants are both important barriers against and inadvertent sources of microplastic pollution in receiving waters.

2020 Chemosphere 129 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent advances on microplastics pollution and removal from wastewater systems: A critical review

This review summarizes the latest research on microplastic detection, occurrence, and removal in wastewater treatment plants. While treatment plants can remove 57-99% of microplastics depending on the stage, significant amounts still escape into the environment through treated water and sludge. The findings highlight the need for advanced treatment methods to prevent microplastics from reaching waterways and ultimately human water supplies.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 81 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal through water treatment plants: Its feasibility, efficiency, future prospects and enhancement by proper waste management

Researchers reviewed over 80 studies on water treatment plant performance and found microplastic removal ranges widely — from 16% in basic primary treatment up to near 100% with advanced membrane systems — but a major flaw is that removed microplastics concentrate in sludge, which can re-enter the environment. The review recommends optimizing coagulants and sludge treatment to prevent microplastics from simply being relocated rather than eliminated.

2021 Environmental Challenges 181 citations
Article Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plant as microplastics release source – Quantification and identification techniques

This review examines wastewater treatment plants as sources of microplastic release into the environment, along with current methods for separating and identifying these particles. While conventional treatment plants remove over 90% of incoming microplastics, they remain major point sources due to the enormous volumes of effluent they discharge. The review also highlights that over 80% of microplastics entering treatment plants become trapped in sewage sludge, which when used as agricultural fertilizer represents a potential pathway for soil contamination.

2019 Journal of Environmental Management 216 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and Characterization of Microplastics in Seven Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants

Wastewater treatment plants are a key pathway through which microplastics enter rivers and coastal waters, and this six-month study across seven Spanish treatment plants found that conventional processes offer inconsistent and often inadequate protection. Microplastics were present in all samples, and in some cases effluent concentrations were nearly as high as influent concentrations — meaning the plants were adding little removal value for plastic particles. The dominance of synthetic fibers and the seasonal variation observed point to the need for better tertiary treatment steps to capture microplastics before discharge.

2026 Preprints.org
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, identification, and discharge of microplastics from effluent and sludge of the largest WWTP in Iran—South of Tehran

Researchers quantified microplastics in Iran's largest wastewater treatment plant and found significant concentrations in both effluent and sludge, identifying the facility as a pathway for microplastic release into the environment despite treatment processes.

2022 Water Environment Research 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Presence and Quantification of Microplastic in Urban Tap Water: A Pre-Screening in Brasilia, Brazil

Researchers sampled tap water from Brasilia, Brazil and detected microplastics in all samples, with fibers as the dominant type and concentrations higher than many previous studies from other cities, highlighting the need for treatment infrastructure improvements and standardized monitoring.

2021 Sustainability 47 citations
Article Tier 2

Development of a Routine Screening Method for the Microplastic Mass Content in a Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent

Researchers developed a routine screening method to quantify microplastic mass content in wastewater treatment plant effluent, addressing the need for standardized, practical monitoring tools that can be integrated into regular facility operations.

2022 Frontiers in Environmental Chemistry 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal from a primary settler tank in a wastewater treatment plant and estimations of contamination onto European agricultural land via sewage sludge recycling

Researchers found that primary settling in wastewater treatment removes significant microplastics from sewage, but these particles concentrate in sludge that is often recycled onto agricultural land, creating a pathway back into the environment.

2022 Environmental Pollution 99 citations