Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Deep dive into the chronic toxicity of tyre particle mixtures and their leachates

Researchers tested the toxicity of tire tread microparticles — shed from vehicle tires at roughly 1.4 kg per car per year — on water fleas (Daphnia magna) over 21 days and found the particles were nearly 10 times more toxic than chemical leachates from the same tires alone. Chemical analysis identified zinc, titanium, and 54 organic compounds shared across five major tire brands, with many classified as very toxic to aquatic life.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 34 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity of tire wear particles and the leachates to microorganisms in marine sediments

Researchers investigated the toxicity of tire wear particles and their chemical leachates on bacteria in marine sediments. The study found that aged tire wear particles were more toxic than pristine ones, and that leachates were even more harmful than the particles themselves, with zinc identified as the primary toxicity-causing substance.

2022 Environmental Pollution 48 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire wear particle and leachate exposures from a pristine and road-worn tire to Hyalella azteca: Comparison of chemical content and biological effects

Researchers compared freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca) toxicity from pristine versus road-worn tire wear particles, finding that pristine particles were more acutely toxic as suspensions while chemical leachates from both were similarly harmful, with benzothiazole, zinc, and 1-indanone consistently identified as likely contributors to aquatic toxicity.

2021 Aquatic Toxicology 134 citations
Article Tier 2

Acute toxicity of tire wear particles, leachates and toxicity identification evaluation of leachates to the marine copepod, Tigriopus japonicus

Researchers tested the toxicity of tire wear particles and their chemical leachates on a marine copepod species and found that both caused significant harm at measurable concentrations. They used toxicity identification methods to determine that metals, specifically zinc, were the primary toxic component in the leachate. The findings highlight that tire wear particles are a concerning source of microplastic and chemical pollution in coastal marine environments.

2022 Chemosphere 91 citations
Article Tier 2

Lethal effect of leachates from tyre wear particles on marine copepods

Researchers tested the toxicity of chemical leachates from tire wear particles on five species of marine copepods, tiny crustaceans that are essential to ocean food webs. They found that all species experienced lethal effects, with some being far more sensitive than others, and identified zinc as a key toxic component. The study suggests that the chemicals leaching from tire wear particles in marine environments pose a serious threat to small but ecologically critical organisms.

2023 Marine Environmental Research 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Acute sublethal and lethal effects of tire wear particle leachate on larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)

Researchers tested the effects of tire wear particle leachate on larval fathead minnows in acute 24-hour toxicity experiments. They found that the chemical compounds leaching from tire particles caused both sublethal behavioral changes, including altered swimming and feeding patterns, and lethal effects at higher concentrations. The study highlights tire wear particles as a specific class of microplastic pollution that poses meaningful risks to freshwater aquatic life through chemical leaching.

2026 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety
Article Tier 2

Toxicity of micro and nano tire particles and leachate for model freshwater organisms

Researchers tested the toxicity of micro- and nano-sized tire particles and their chemical leachates on zebrafish embryos and water fleas, two commonly used model organisms. They found that nano-sized tire particles were more toxic than micro-sized ones, and that the chemical leachate alone also caused significant developmental harm to zebrafish. The study demonstrates that tire debris poses a meaningful environmental risk to freshwater organisms through both direct particle exposure and the release of harmful chemicals.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparative toxicity of tire wear particle leachates: Zinc as a key toxicant affecting development and motility in zebrafish larvae

Researchers compared the toxicity of leachates from tire wear particles with different treadwear grades on zebrafish larvae, finding that zinc was the primary toxicant responsible for developmental impairment and reduced motility across all treadwear grades tested.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials
Article Tier 2

Chemical toxicity screening of tire particle leachates from vehicles and their effects on organisms across three trophic levels

Researchers prepared leachates from bicycle, car, and electric scooter tire particles and tested toxicity across three organisms, finding that zinc and benzothiazole were the primary toxic compounds and that tire particle leachates caused growth inhibition in plants, mortality in water fleas, and developmental abnormalities in zebrafish.

2023 Marine Pollution Bulletin 28 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire wear particles in aquatic environments: From biota to ecosystem impacts

This review synthesizes current knowledge on tire wear particles as a major source of traffic-related microplastic pollution in aquatic environments. The study found that tire wear particles and their chemical leachates, including heavy metals like zinc and organic compounds like 6-PPD, induce oxidative stress and DNA damage in aquatic organisms while disrupting biodiversity and destabilizing food web dynamics at the ecosystem level.

2025 Journal of Environmental Management 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Daphnia reproductive impacts following chronic exposure to micro- and nano-scale particles from three types of rubber

Researchers exposed tiny freshwater crustaceans called Daphnia to micro- and nano-sized rubber particles from tires and recycled rubber over their full lifespan. They found that all three types of rubber particles drastically reduced reproduction and that these effects carried over into the next generation. The study demonstrates that tire-related microplastics pose a serious long-term threat to aquatic invertebrate populations.

2024 Environmental Chemistry 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire wear particles in different water environments: occurrence, behavior, and biological effects—a review and perspectives

This review examines tire wear particles, a major but often overlooked source of microplastics in water environments. Tire particles release toxic chemicals as they break down in water and can harm aquatic organisms, but most research has focused only on the chemical leachate rather than the particles themselves. Since tire wear contributes a large share of total microplastic pollution, understanding its full impact on water ecosystems and the food chain is important for human health.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Behind conventional (micro)plastics: An ecotoxicological characterization of aqueous suspensions from End-of-Life Tire particles

Researchers studied the toxic effects of ground-up end-of-life tire particles on zebrafish larvae and found that finer tire powder was more harmful than coarser granules. The smaller particles released chemicals into the water that altered over 100 proteins involved in metabolic processes. The study suggests that recycled tire materials leach toxic substances that could pose risks to aquatic organisms.

2024 Aquatic Toxicology 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Polyester Fibers and Car Tire Particles on Freshwater Invertebrates

Researchers assessed the ingestion and effects of polyester fibers and car tire particles on four freshwater invertebrate species under acute and chronic exposure conditions. The study found that while both microplastic types were ingested by all species tested, car tire particles caused greater mortality in Daphnia magna and Hyalella azteca. The results suggest that the chemical composition of microplastics plays an important role in their toxicity to freshwater organisms.

2022 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 43 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity and intergenerational accumulation effect of tire wear particles and their leachate on Brachionus plicatilis

Researchers studied tire wear particles, a major source of microplastics in oceans, and found they harm tiny marine animals called rotifers across multiple generations. The toxic effects actually got worse over generations, with repeated exposure being more harmful than single-generation exposure. The zinc and chemical additives in tire particles were the main drivers of toxicity, raising concerns about the growing impact of tire-derived microplastics on marine food chains.

2025 Environmental Pollution 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparative Toxicity of Micro, Nano, and Leachate Fractions of Three Rubber Materials to Freshwater Species: Zebrafish and .

Researchers compared the toxicity of micro, nano, and leachate fractions of three rubber materials—including tire rubber—to freshwater organisms. Nano-fractions and leachates generally showed higher toxicity than larger rubber particles, with leached chemicals driving much of the observed biological harm.

2025 Microplastics (Basel, Switzerland)
Article Tier 2

New insights into car tire rubber particle toxicity: chemical composition and ecotoxicity assessment of leachate on gamete quality of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

Researchers studied how tire rubber particles, a major source of microplastic pollution, affect the reproductive health of Mediterranean mussels. Chemical analysis of tire particle leachate revealed high levels of zinc and various organic compounds, and exposure caused significant damage to mussel egg and sperm quality. The findings suggest that the chemicals leaching from tire wear debris in coastal waters may threaten the reproductive success of marine organisms.

2025 Environment International 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparison of the effects of tire wear particles on the freshwater macrophyte under different exposure scenarios

Researchers compared the effects of tire wear particles on the freshwater macrophyte Lemna minor and other aquatic plants, examining how the complex composition of tire-derived microplastics affects plant growth and physiology. Tire wear particles showed toxicity to aquatic plants at environmentally relevant concentrations, with chemical leachates contributing to the observed effects.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Cocktail effects of tire wear particles leachates on diverse biological models: A multilevel analysis

Tire wear particles, a major but underappreciated source of microplastic pollution, leached chemicals into seawater that inhibited algae growth, caused developmental problems in zebrafish embryos, and showed hormone-disrupting effects in cell tests. The study found that water-soluble organic compounds from tires -- not just heavy metals like zinc -- were the primary drivers of toxicity, underscoring the need for better regulation of tire additives.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms

Researchers tested chemical leachates from five types of common plastic and car tire rubber microplastics for their effects on algae and mussels. Car tire rubber and PVC produced the most toxic leachates, containing compounds like benzothiazole and zinc that significantly inhibited algal growth. The study reveals that the chemical additives leaching from degrading plastics may pose a greater immediate risk to aquatic organisms than the physical particles themselves.

2019 Water Research 545 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploring the impacts of microplastics and associated chemicals in the terrestrial environment – Exposure of soil invertebrates to tire particles

Researchers exposed three species of soil invertebrates to ground-up tire particles and found that at concentrations similar to those found near roadsides, the particles reduced reproduction and survival in springtails and suppressed enzyme activity in woodlice. The tire particles contained high levels of zinc and various organic pollutants. The study suggests that tire wear microplastics, one of the largest sources of environmental microplastic, can have measurable harmful effects on soil-dwelling organisms.

2021 Environmental Research 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Potential deterioration of chemical water quality due to trace metal adsorption onto tire and road wear particles – Environmentally representative experiments

Researchers studied how tire and road wear particles affect water quality by adsorbing trace metals from the environment. They found that these particles, which constitute a significant fraction of microplastic emissions, can adsorb metals like zinc and copper from water under realistic environmental conditions. The findings indicate that tire wear particles may worsen chemical water quality in surface waters by acting as carriers and concentrators of toxic metals.

2024 Environmental Pollution 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Leachates from tyres induce acute toxicity in fish, influence of tyre type and age

Researchers tested the acute toxicity of leachates from different tire types and ages on fish, finding that tire leachates cause dose-dependent mortality. The toxicity varied with tire composition and age, with newer tire formulations in some cases producing more harmful leachates.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Multigenerational toxic effects in Daphnia pulex are induced by environmental concentrations of tire wear particle leachate

Tiny water fleas exposed to chemicals leaching from tire wear particles across three generations showed impaired growth, delayed reproduction, and reduced offspring, even at concentrations found in the environment. These effects carried over to unexposed offspring, suggesting that tire-derived pollution can cause harm that passes from one generation to the next.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 36 citations