Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Occurrence and identification of microplastics retained in corrosion deposits of drinking water transmission pipes

Researchers investigated corrosion deposits inside drinking water pipes and found that microplastics and nanoplastics become trapped within the porous, rusty buildup. These trapped particles can be released back into the water supply when conditions change, such as during pipe maintenance or water pressure shifts. The study raises concerns about drinking water pipes serving as hidden reservoirs of microplastic contamination.

2024 Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics 5 citations
Article Tier 2

The Behaviour of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System. Comparison with Other Pipe Materials

This paper is not directly about microplastics; it reviews how different pipe materials used in drinking water distribution systems leach chemicals, corrode, and support microbial growth, focusing on metal and polymer pipes and their impact on water quality.

2023 Preprints.org 6 citations
Article Tier 2

The disinfectant residues promote the leaching of water contaminants from plastic pipe particles

This study found that trace amounts of disinfectants commonly used in water treatment can accelerate the aging of plastic water pipes, causing them to release more contaminants. When plastic pipe particles were exposed to chlorine-based disinfectants and ozone, they leached higher levels of organic chemicals and microplastics into the water. The findings raise concerns about how the interaction between water treatment chemicals and plastic plumbing may affect drinking water quality.

2023 Environmental Pollution 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Chemical and microbiological safety of drinking water in distribution networks made of plastic pipes

Researchers examined the safety of drinking water distributed through plastic pipes made of PVC and HDPE, which are increasingly replacing metal pipes. They found that these plastic pipes can leach chemical compounds into the water and may promote different microbial growth patterns compared to metal pipes. The study highlights the need for better monitoring of both chemical and microbiological quality in drinking water systems that use plastic infrastructure.

2023 Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Water 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Aging of drinking water transmission pipes during long-term operation as a potential source of nano- and microplastics

A study of aging plastic water pipes (PE and PVC) used in drinking water systems found that over time, the pipe surfaces crack and peel, releasing micro- and nanoplastic particles into tap water. Smaller-diameter pipes at the ends of distribution networks showed the most degradation, meaning households furthest from water treatment plants may receive the highest levels of plastic contamination in their drinking water.

2024 International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of microplastics from pipe materials and their impact on stagnant water

Researchers examined microplastic release from four common pipe materials into stagnant drinking water and found that PVC pipes released the highest amount, reaching 114,000 particles per liter. The microplastics accelerated chlorine decay, increased turbidity, elevated organic carbon levels, and facilitated microbial growth in the water. The findings raise concerns about drinking water quality in building plumbing systems where water stagnation is common.

2024 Journal of Water Process Engineering 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Are Micro- or Nanoplastics Leached from Drinking Water Distribution Systems?

This viewpoint paper examines whether plastic drinking water pipes could shed micro- or nanoplastics into tap water, reviewing evidence on pipe materials like PVC and polyethylene. While leaching is possible—especially with aging or damaged pipes—data on the scale of human exposure remains limited.

2019 Environmental Science & Technology 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in drinking water distribution systems: Occurrence, environmental behavior, and human health concerns

This review examines how microplastics move through drinking water distribution systems, from treatment plants all the way to household taps. Despite treatment efforts, microplastics persist in the water supply, with plastic pipes and fittings themselves contributing additional contamination. The tiny particles also serve as carriers for harmful bacteria and other pollutants, compounding the health risks of microplastic-contaminated drinking water.

2025 Environmental Pollution 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in water supply systems: In water and pipe scales

Researchers found microplastics present throughout drinking water supply systems, both in treated water and accumulated within pipe scales, with concentrations in pipe scales being significantly higher than in the water itself.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and chemical leachates from plastic pipes are associated with increased virulence and antimicrobial resistance potential of drinking water microbial communities

Researchers found that microplastics and chemical leachates released from polypropylene drinking water pipes can promote antimicrobial resistance and virulence in the microbial communities that form inside the pipes. Exposure to chlorination, heating, and freeze-thaw cycles accelerated microplastic generation and chemical leaching from the pipes. The findings suggest that plastic plumbing materials may be an underappreciated factor in drinking water safety.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 28 citations
Review Tier 2

Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature

Researchers reviewed the migration of emerging contaminants from water distribution pipes into drinking water, focusing on microplastics, bisphenol A, phthalates, and other chemicals. The study found that pipe materials can release these contaminants into tap water, posing potential human health concerns and highlighting the need for better monitoring of distribution system contributions to drinking water contamination.

2022 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 59 citations
Article Tier 2

Tracing microplastics in rural drinking water in Chongqing, China: Their presence and pathways from source to tap

Researchers traced the journey of microplastics through a rural drinking water system in Chongqing, China, from reservoir to tap. They found that the water treatment plant successfully removed all microplastics from the water, but contamination increased again during pipe transport to homes, resulting in about 1.4 particles per liter at the tap. The study reveals that aging distribution pipes are a significant and often overlooked source of microplastic exposure in drinking water.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 60 citations
Article Tier 2

The aging and pollution behavior of microplastics in tap water supply system subjected to residual chlorine exposure

Researchers studied how residual chlorine in tap water distribution systems ages ABS and polycarbonate microplastics, finding that chlorine exposure caused surface changes and increased hydrophilicity of the particles. The aging microplastics released dissolved organic matter into the water and, when interacting with chlorine, produced trichloromethane, a disinfection byproduct. The findings suggest that microplastics in drinking water infrastructure may contribute to the formation of harmful chemical byproducts.

2025 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Longitudinal and vertical distribution of microplastics in various pipe scales in an operating drinking water distribution system

Researchers collected samples from an operating drinking water distribution system and found microplastics in all tap water and pipe scale samples tested. They discovered that microplastic abundance varied along the length and depth of pipe scales, with older and more corroded pipes harboring higher concentrations. The study reveals that the pipe network itself is a significant source of microplastic contamination in the water that reaches people's taps.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 22 citations
Review Tier 2

Drinking Water Network as a Potential Pathway for Micro- and Nanoplastics Exposure to Human: A Mini Review

This review examined how drinking water networks -- the pipes and infrastructure connecting treatment plants to homes -- may act as a secondary source of micro- and nanoplastic contamination. Researchers found that plastic piping materials, biofilm buildup, and aging infrastructure all contribute to microplastic levels in tap water. The study highlights a largely overlooked pathway of human exposure and calls for better monitoring of water distribution systems.

2025 Water 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics throughout a tap water supply network

Researchers evaluated microplastic presence throughout a large tap water distribution network, detecting microplastics at multiple points from treatment plant to consumer taps and finding that concentrations increased along the distribution system, suggesting the pipe network itself as a contamination source.

2021 Water and Environment Journal 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics hack the water supply system: What it means for water safety and human health?

This review traced microplastics through the entire water supply chain, from source water to the tap, and found that daily human intake through drinking water is rapidly increasing. The study suggests that water treatment infrastructure, including disinfection chemicals and aging pipes, can actually transform microplastics in ways that increase their health risks.

2025 Water Research 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The Behavior of Polymeric Pipes in Drinking Water Distribution System—Comparison with Other Pipe Materials

This review examines how polymeric water pipes release chemical compounds into drinking water, including heavy metals from pipe materials and microbial biofilms, and compares risks across different pipe materials. Leaching from pipe materials poses ongoing risks to drinking water quality in distribution systems.

2023 Polymers 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Presence of Microplastics in Drinking Water and Its Impact on Human Health

This review examined evidence for microplastic presence in drinking water sources and distribution systems, discussing how plastic particles form from the fragmentation of larger plastics and reviewing the emerging evidence for human health impacts from drinking water MP exposure.

2025
Article Tier 2

Microplastic and nanoplastic concentration in tap water in the US

Researchers analyzed microplastic and nanoplastic concentrations in tap water samples across the United States, detecting particles in the majority of samples and characterizing their size distribution, polymer type, and geographic variation.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

The effect of adsorption on the fate of colloidal polystyrene microplastics in drinking water distribution system pipe scales

Researchers detected microplastics in drinking water pipe scale layers and found that adsorption onto pipe scales influences the fate and transport of colloidal microplastics within distribution systems, potentially affecting drinking water quality.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of microplastics and organic matter leaching behavior during chlorination

Researchers studied how chlorination affects polystyrene and polyethylene microplastics and the organic matter they release, finding that chlorination promoted organic carbon leaching from microplastics at about 0.3 to 0.5 parts per thousand of the plastic mass. The leached organic matter showed significant potential to form trihalomethane and haloacetonitrile disinfection byproducts, raising concerns about chlorinated microplastics in drinking water systems.

2022 Chemosphere 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Transportation in a Typical Drinking Water Supply: From Raw Water to Household Water

Researchers tracked microplastics through an entire drinking water system, from the source water to household taps, and found that treatment plants actually increased microplastic counts rather than removing them. The treated water contained 12 to 25 particles per liter, with most being tiny fragments under 100 micrometers made of common plastics like PET and PVC. This suggests that current water treatment infrastructure may be shedding microplastics from its own pipes and filters into the water people drink.

2024 Water 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport, Behavior, and Human Exposure of Microplastics in Rural Drinking Water Supply Chains

Researchers tracked microplastic distribution, transport, and human exposure risk through rural drinking water supply chains in China, finding MPs present throughout the system from source water to tap, with concentration changes at each treatment and distribution stage.

2025 Environment & Health