Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Evaluation of microfiber release from jeans: the impact of different washing conditions

Researchers quantified microfiber release from three denim jeans during domestic washing, finding that wash temperature, detergent type, and number of wash cycles all affect the quantity of synthetic microfibers shed into wastewater.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 71 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of microplastics release from polyester fabrics: The impact of different washing conditions

Researchers assessed microplastic fiber release from polyester and polyamide fabrics during simulated washing, finding that fabric construction, fiber type, and washing conditions all influenced the quantity of fibers released. The study provides data to help quantify the contribution of laundry to microplastic emissions in wastewater.

2020 Environmental Pollution 147 citations
Article Tier 2

Low cost, high throughput quantification of microplastics released from textile wash tests: Introducing the fibre fragmentation scale

Researchers developed three standardized textile wash test methods for quantifying microplastic fiber shedding during laundering, introducing a 'fibre fragmentation scale' to rank textile designs by shedding propensity and enable systematic comparison across materials and processing variables.

2025
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Release from Domestic Washing

Researchers measured microfiber release from domestic washing of textile materials across five washing cycles, finding that the amount of microplastic fiber shed varied significantly with washing conditions and fiber type, contributing to aquatic microplastic pollution.

2021 European Journal of Science and Technology 9 citations
Article Tier 2

A Feasible and Efficient Monitoring Method of Synthetic Fibers Released during Textile Washing

Researchers developed and validated a feasible monitoring method for quantifying synthetic microfibers released from textiles during washing, addressing the need for standardized protocols to measure microfiber emissions. The method provided reproducible results for collecting and characterizing microfibers from wash effluent to support emission modeling.

2024 Microplastics 4 citations
Article Tier 2

The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution

Real-scale wash trials of synthetic commercial garments measured microfiber release per wash, finding that release varied significantly with textile type, structure, and age, with some items releasing over 700,000 fibers per wash. The study quantifies the contribution of synthetic textile washing to microplastic pollution and identifies fiber characteristics that govern release rates.

2019 Scientific Reports 752 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantifying shedding of synthetic fibers from textiles; a source of microplastics released into the environment

Researchers quantified the shedding of synthetic fibers from textiles during simulated washing, finding that fabric type, age, and wash conditions significantly affected fiber release, and establishing a quantitative basis for estimating textile-derived microplastic inputs.

2017 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 590 citations
Article Tier 2

Garment ageing in a laundry care process under household‐like conditions

This study measured how repeated household-style washing affects garments and how much fiber is released into wash water over 30 cycles. The findings contribute to understanding synthetic microfiber shedding from textiles during laundry, which is a significant source of microplastic fiber pollution in waterways.

2023 Applied Research 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Reliable quantification of microplastic release from the domestic laundry of textile fabrics

This study identified major sources of variation in methods used to quantify microplastic fiber release from textile laundry, recommending a standardized testing protocol to enable reliable comparisons across fabrics, machines, and washing conditions.

2021 Journal of the Textile Institute 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Low-cost, high-throughput quantification of microplastics released from textile wash tests: Introducing the fibre fragmentation scale

Researchers developed a low-cost, high-throughput method for quantifying microplastic fibers shed during textile washing tests, introducing a new fibre fragmentation scale to standardize measurements. The method significantly reduces analysis time compared to the recommended gravimetric approach, which takes over 8 hours per specimen batch. The study aims to help the textile industry design and select lower-shedding materials by making standard testing more accessible and practical.

2024 Cambridge Prisms Plastics 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics Shedding from Textiles—Developing Analytical Method for Measurement of Shed Material Representing Release during Domestic Washing

Researchers developed an analytical method to measure microplastic shedding from textiles during domestic washing, identifying key methodological variables that explain the large variation in shedding measurements across prior studies and proposing a standardized approach for more comparable results.

2018 Sustainability 109 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of laundry effluent stability on fibre fragments indentification

Researchers examined how the stability of laundry effluent samples affects the identification and characterization of synthetic fiber fragments (FFs) released during textile washing. The study addressed methodological challenges in quantifying fibrillar microplastics across varying effluent concentrations and degradation states, finding that sample stability is a critical variable influencing accurate fiber fragment analysis.

2025 Koža & obuća
Article Tier 2

Laundering and textile parameters influence fibers release in household washings

Laboratory washing experiments showed that the release of synthetic microfibers from textiles is influenced by both laundering parameters (water volume, wash cycle) and fabric characteristics (yarn structure, weave type). Understanding these factors can help design more fiber-retaining fabrics and washing machines to reduce microfiber pollution in wastewater.

2019 Environmental Pollution 192 citations
Article Tier 2

Microfiber release from real soiled consumer laundry and the impact of fabric care products and washing conditions

Researchers measured microfiber release from real soiled consumer laundry from UK households, finding a mean release of 114 ppm (mg microfiber per kg fabric) under typical washing conditions, and investigated how fabric care products, washing machine design, and cycle settings affect fiber shedding. The study found that certain fabric conditioners and appliance features can meaningfully reduce microfiber release during domestic washing.

2020 PLoS ONE 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Synthetic microfiber emissions from denim industrial washing processes: An overlooked microplastic source within the manufacturing process of blue jeans

Industrial denim washing processes released significantly more synthetic microfibers than domestic washing, with enzymatic washing producing the most microfibers at 1423 MF per gram of fabric, up to 10.95 times higher than reported domestic washing estimates.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and morphological characterization of microfibers emitted from textile washing

Textile microfibers released during washing machine cycles were quantified and characterized, with the study finding that fiber type, fabric construction, and wash conditions all influenced emission quantities. The results confirm textile washing as a significant and ongoing source of microplastic fiber pollution in wastewater.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 49 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization of microfibers emission from textile washing from a domestic environment

Researchers found that household laundry machines release millions of microfibers per wash cycle, with top-loading machines emitting slightly more than front-loaders, and synthetic fibers accounting for only about 19% of total emissions, with the majority of fibers under 5 micrometers in length.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification of microfibre release from textiles during domestic laundering

Researchers developed a reliable method for quantifying microfibre release from domestic laundering, finding that fabric characteristics had a greater influence on release than wash settings, and estimated UK annual domestic microfibre emissions between 7,300 and 36,100 tonnes depending on assumptions.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Particle Shedding from Cotton and Cotton-Polyester Fabrics in the Dry State and in Washes

Researchers studied how washing cotton and cotton-polyester fabrics up to 50 times affects how many particles they shed, finding that cotton released significantly more particles than the blended fabric, and that most released particles were smaller than 25 micrometers. Because synthetic polyester fibers in laundry effluent are a recognized source of microplastic pollution in waterways, understanding differences between fabric types helps identify which textiles are higher-risk sources.

2023 Polymers 11 citations
Article Tier 2

The Influence of Textile Type, Textile Weight, and Detergent Dosage on Microfiber Emissions from Top-Loading Washing Machines

Researchers investigated how different textile types, fabric weights, and detergent amounts affect microfiber shedding from top-loading washing machines. The study found that all four tested fabric weave structures released both synthetic and natural microfibers during washing, with textile type and weight being significant factors, contributing to our understanding of how everyday laundry contributes to microplastic pollution.

2024 Toxics 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Release of synthetic microplastic plastic fibres from domestic washing machines: Effects of fabric type and washing conditions

Researchers measured synthetic microfiber release from domestic washing machines in real household conditions, finding that millions of fibers are shed per wash cycle, with fiber release influenced by fabric type and wash parameters.

2016 Marine Pollution Bulletin 1556 citations
Article Tier 2

Textile Fiber Pollution: Relating Textile Features to Fiber Release in Pilling Experiments

Researchers evaluated how physical, dynamic, and thermomechanical textile properties influence fiber release during pilling experiments, aiming to identify which fabric characteristics predict microplastic fiber shedding during normal garment wear.

2025 ACS Omega
Article Tier 2

Microplastics' emissions: Microfibers’ detachment from textile garments

Researchers measured microfiber detachment rates from finished textile garments during normal laundering and found that garments shed between 175 and 560 microfibers per gram of fabric, or 30,000 to 465,000 microfibers per square meter. They found a strong correlation between microfiber release and the textile's surface density. The study also provides standardized reporting units to improve comparability across research, an important step given the current lack of methodological consensus in textile microfiber studies.

2019 Environmental Pollution 261 citations
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of microplastic release caused by textile washing processes of synthetic fabrics

This study evaluated microplastic fiber release caused by washing synthetic fabrics, finding that washing processes generate substantial quantities of microfibers and that fabric construction affects release rates, with implications for filtering strategies.

2017 Environmental Pollution 686 citations