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20 resultsShowing papers similar to The Existence, Characteristics, Sources, and Impact of Microplastics in Salt Products in Indonesia
ClearMicroplastic pollution from sea salt: its effect on public health and prevention alternatives - a review
This review examines microplastic contamination in sea salt from countries that export to Indonesia, summarizing polymer types, contamination levels, public health effects of ingested microplastics, and potential prevention strategies to reduce human salt-borne plastic exposure.
Detection of microplastic contamination in table salts in Padang City, Indonesia, and control strategies for choosing healthy salt
Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination in ten brands of table salt commonly consumed in Padang, Indonesia. The study found microplastic particles in all brands tested, ranging from 30 to 510 particles per kilogram, with fragments being the most common shape, suggesting that salt products represent a meaningful source of dietary microplastic exposure.
Microplastic contamination in Indonesian consumable salts
Researchers analyzed both traditionally produced and commercial branded sea salts from Indonesia and found microplastics in all samples tested. Traditionally produced salts contained the highest contamination levels, with up to 3,753 particles per kilogram, though branded salts also contained significant amounts. The study indicates that sea salt is a notable dietary source of microplastic exposure for consumers.
Identification of Microdebris in Traditional Salts Processes from Sea Water in Woha-West Nusa Tenggara and Takalar Lama-South Sulawesi
This Indonesian study identified microdebris including microplastics in traditionally produced salt from two regions, finding contamination at multiple stages of the salt-making process. Microplastic contamination in table salt represents a direct route of human ingestion for people who consume salt produced from polluted coastal seawater.
The presence and characteristics of microplastics in local salt industry production in Muna Regency in 2025
Researchers analyzed locally produced salt from Muna Regency, Indonesia, and found microplastic contamination in all 12 samples tested. The dominant polymer types were polyethylene and polypropylene in fragment and fiber forms, with contamination attributed to both marine pollution and post-production handling processes such as transportation and packaging.
Keberadaan Mikroplastik dalam Garam: Kajian Literatur pada Beberapa Kasus di Indonesia
This review synthesizes Indonesian studies from 2020 to 2024 on microplastic contamination in salt, finding abundances ranging from 46 particles/kg in coarse salt up to 29,000 particles/kg equivalents, with fibers, films, and fragments being the dominant morphologies and polymer types including PVC, PU, and polyester.
Effect of plastic waste pollution in seawater to microplastic contamination in salt fields at Rembang
This study found microplastic particles in sea salt harvested from salt pans in Rembang, Indonesia, tracing their origin to plastic waste in the surrounding seawater. The findings add to growing evidence that microplastics contaminate table salt, representing a direct route of human dietary exposure to plastic particles.
Assessment of microplastics in edible salts from solar saltpans and commercial salts
Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination in sea salts from solar salt pans in Tamil Nadu, India, and several commercial salt brands. The study confirmed the presence of microplastics in all salt pan samples and two commercial salt brands, with fewer than 350 polymer fragments per sample representing multiple polymer types. These findings suggest that sea salt production is a pathway for microplastic contamination to reach human diets.
Microplastic Pollution in Table Salts from China
Researchers analyzed table salts produced in China and found microplastics contaminating samples from multiple salt types, suggesting that salt production processes and source water quality influence the extent of microplastic contamination in a common food ingredient.
Microplastics in water, sediment and salts from traditional salt producing ponds
Researchers found microplastics in water, sediment, and sea salt collected from traditional salt evaporation ponds in Indonesia. The presence of plastic in harvested salt raises food safety concerns, as salt is a widely consumed condiment.
The presence and characteristics of microplastics in local salt industry production in Muna Regency in 2025
Researchers analyzed salt samples from local producers in Muna Regency, Indonesia, and found microplastic contamination in all 12 samples tested. The particles were primarily polyethylene and polypropylene fragments and fibers, with concentrations ranging from 0.008 to 0.04 mg/kg. The study suggests that contamination comes from both marine pollution in the source seawater and post-production processes such as transportation and packaging.
Microplastics in salt: A critical review of contamination, analytical methodologies, and health implications
This critical review examined microplastic contamination in salt products worldwide, covering analytical methods, polymer types, and potential health implications. Researchers found that polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET are the most commonly identified polymers in salt, with fibers being the dominant form, and emphasized the need for standardized detection protocols to enable meaningful comparisons across studies.
Influence of various production methods on the microplastic contamination of sea salt produced in Java, Indonesia
Researchers compared microplastic contamination in sea salt produced by different methods — solar evaporation, boiling, and mechanical processing — in Java, Indonesia, finding that production method significantly affected MP levels, with open solar evaporation exposed to air contamination yielding the highest counts.
Risk assessment of microplastic in commercial salt sold in Malaysia
Researchers conducted a risk assessment of microplastics in commercial table salt sold in Malaysia, finding that contaminated seawater used during sea salt production introduces microplastics into a widely consumed daily food ingredient with potential adverse health effects.
Microplastic contamination of salt intended for human consumption: a systematic review and meta-analysis
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined microplastic contamination in table salt from around the world. It found that microplastics are present in most salt products intended for human consumption, with sea salt generally containing more particles than rock or lake salt, representing a consistent source of dietary microplastic exposure.
Differences in Microplastic Content in Commercial Salt and Salt at the Semiringkai Coastal Local Center in Kupang City and Kupang Regency
Researchers compared microplastic content between commercial salt and locally produced salt from the Semiringkai coastal area in Kupang City and Kupang Regency, Indonesia, finding that both sources contained microplastics with average concentrations that were not statistically significantly different from each other.
Microplastic presence in commercial marine sea salts: A baseline study along Tuticorin Coastal salt pan stations, Gulf of Mannar, South India
Twenty-five sea salt samples from Tuticorin coastal salt pans in India were analyzed for microplastics, with particles under 100 μm comprising 60% of contaminants and polypropylene and polyethylene as the dominant polymers. The study establishes a baseline for microplastic contamination in commercially harvested sea salt from South India.
Microplastics in Salt of Tuticorin, Southeast Coast of India
Researchers extracted and characterized microplastics from 14 brands of food-grade sea salts and bore-well salts from Tuticorin, India, finding contamination in both salt types with fibers and fragments as dominant forms and polyethylene as the most common polymer.
Global Pattern of Microplastics (MPs) in Commercial Food-Grade Salts: Sea Salt as an Indicator of Seawater MP Pollution
A global analysis of commercial sea salts found microplastics in samples from 21 countries, with the highest concentrations in sea salts from Asia and the lowest in rock and lake salts. The findings suggest that sea salt can serve as an indicator of seawater microplastic pollution levels in surrounding regions.
The presence of microplastics in commercial salts from different countries
Researchers analyzed 17 commercial salt brands from eight countries and found microplastic particles in all but one, with concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 particles per kilogram. The most common plastics were polypropylene and polyethylene, appearing mainly as fragments. While the estimated human intake from salt alone appears minimal, the study confirms that microplastics have infiltrated yet another everyday food product.