Papers

61,005 results
|
Article Tier 2

Insights into removal mechanisms of bisphenol A and its analogues in municipal wastewater treatment plants

Researchers critically reviewed how bisphenol A (BPA) and related compounds are removed in municipal wastewater treatment plants, finding that sludge adsorption plays a key role but that newly produced BPA from degrading microplastics in wastewater complicates removal and may explain why real-world performance deviates from theoretical predictions.

2019 The Science of The Total Environment 166 citations
Article Tier 2

Size- and Polymer-Specific Assessment of Micro- and Nanoplastics in a European Wastewater Treatment System

Scientists studied tiny plastic particles in European wastewater treatment plants and found that these facilities can remove most microplastics from sewage, but many still escape into the environment. Even though the treatment plants filter out a lot of plastic pollution, the enormous amount of wastewater they process means millions of plastic particles still end up in rivers and oceans every day. This matters because these plastic particles can eventually make their way into our drinking water and food chain, potentially affecting human health.

2026
Article Tier 2

Accumulation of persistent organic pollutants by MPs in coastal wastewater treatment plants

Researchers examined how microplastics in coastal wastewater treatment plants accumulate persistent organic pollutants such as dioxins, furans, and PCBs. They found that untreated influent contained the highest concentrations of these hazardous chemicals sorbed onto microplastic surfaces. The study highlights that microplastics can act as carriers for toxic pollutants through wastewater systems and into the environment.

2024 Marine Pollution Bulletin 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics, Occurrence and Removal Technologies

This review summarizes how wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway for microplastics entering the environment, covering the types, sizes, and sources of microplastics found in wastewater. While treatment plants can remove many microplastics, significant amounts still escape into rivers and oceans through treated water and sludge. The authors evaluate various removal technologies and recommend advanced treatment methods to better prevent microplastics from reaching water supplies.

2024 Water 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics act as a carrier for wastewater-borne pathogenic bacteria in sewage

Researchers found that microplastics in sewage systems serve as carriers for pathogenic bacteria, including disease-causing species that can colonize their surfaces. The study highlights that because microplastics are small enough to pass through wastewater treatment filtration systems, bacteria-laden microplastics may be released into waterways, raising concerns for public health.

2022 Chemosphere 55 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate and behavior of microplastics in wastewater, accumulation in organisms and effects

This review examines the fate and behavior of microplastics through wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) unit processes, their accumulation in sludge, and their effects on aquatic organisms receiving treated effluent. The authors note that while conventional WWTPs remove 64-99% of microplastics, the remaining daily discharge still represents a substantial pathway for microplastic entry into aquatic environments.

2024 IWA Publishing eBooks
Article Tier 2

Influence of wastewater treatment process on pollution characteristics and fate of microplastics

Researchers investigated microplastic abundance and removal efficiency across four wastewater treatment plants using different treatment technologies, finding influent concentrations between 539 and 1,290 particles per liter that were reduced substantially by primary and secondary treatment. Smaller microplastic particles proved hardest to remove and most likely to persist in final effluent.

2021 Marine Pollution Bulletin 45 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, Characteristics, and Removal of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review summarizes the occurrence, characteristics, and removal efficiency of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, highlighting how these facilities simultaneously act as sinks trapping microplastics and as sources releasing them into surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environments.

2025
Review Tier 2

Wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics: review of the fate, chemical interactions and potential risks to aquatic organisms

This review examines wastewater treatment plant effluent as a source of microplastics entering aquatic environments. The study found that even though treatment plants remove most microplastics, the small amounts remaining in effluent may still contribute significantly to environmental contamination, and the chemical interactions between microplastics and other pollutants in wastewater raise additional ecological concerns.

2016 Water Science & Technology 314 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants

Researchers tracked microplastic particles through multiple stages of a wastewater treatment plant, finding that particles were concentrated in sludge but that a fraction passed through each treatment stage and remained in the final effluent.

2016 Water Research 1704 citations
Review Tier 2

Wastewater-Derived Microplastics as Carriers of Aromatic Organic Contaminants (AOCs): A Critical Review of Ageing, Sorption Mechanisms, and Environmental Implications

This review examines how microplastics from wastewater treatment plants act as carriers for aromatic organic contaminants such as PAHs and pesticides. Researchers found that aging and biofilm formation on these microplastics enhance their ability to absorb and transport pollutants through the environment. The study highlights significant gaps in understanding real-world microplastic-contaminant interactions and calls for improved models to assess ecological exposure risks.

2025 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Revealing the Key Impact of Microplastic-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Properties on Aromatic Pollutant Adsorption and the Underlying Mechanisms

Researchers examined how dissolved organic matter released from different types of microplastics affects the adsorption of aromatic pollutants like bisphenol A and naphthalene. The study found that microplastic-derived dissolved organic matter substantially suppressed the ability of treatment materials to capture these pollutants, revealing an underappreciated way that microplastic degradation products can worsen water contamination.

2025 ACS ES&T Water 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics as vector for persistent organic pollutants in urban effluents: The role of Polychlorinated Biphenyls

This study examined microplastics in urban stormwater and wastewater effluents, finding that they can carry persistent organic pollutants into receiving water bodies. The research underscores the role of microplastics as vectors for chemical contamination in urban water systems.

2018 International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Sources, properties, removal efficiency, removal mechanisms, and interactions with pollutants

This review examines microplastic sources, properties, removal efficiency, and removal mechanisms across different wastewater treatment plant stages. Researchers found that while treatment plants remove a significant portion of microplastics, they cannot eliminate them entirely, resulting in the continued release of millions of particles into the environment daily through effluent and sludge.

2023 Water Science & Technology 128 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics: Transport and removal at wastewater treatment plants

This book chapter reviews the transport and removal of microplastics at wastewater treatment plants, summarizing efficiency data across different treatment processes. Even high-performing plants release microplastics into water bodies, making treated effluent a significant ongoing source of environmental contamination.

2019 IWA Publishing eBooks 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in microplastics removal: Insights from multiple analytical techniques

Researchers evaluated the effectiveness of conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants in removing microplastics across multiple treatment stages, finding removal efficiencies of 70–90% but documenting that billions of particles still pass through in final effluent daily.

2025 Journal of Environmental Sciences 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterization of nanoplastics and small-sized microplastics in sewage treatment

Researchers developed a novel investigation into nanoplastics and small microplastics (50–2500 nm) in sewage treatment plants, finding these tiny particles present in both raw and treated sewage and characterizing their recovery rates through different treatment stages.

2025 Scientific Reports 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their environmental dispersion with effluent and sludge

Researchers tracked microplastics through a wastewater treatment plant and found 12 different polymer types in effluents and sludge, with smaller particles (25–104 μm) most abundant and fibres displaying lower sizes than fragments. The study demonstrates that WWTPs do not fully remove microplastics and that processed sludge marketed as soil amendment carries plastic contamination.

2019 Environmental Pollution 589 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent advances on microplastics pollution and removal from wastewater systems: A critical review

This review summarizes the latest research on microplastic detection, occurrence, and removal in wastewater treatment plants. While treatment plants can remove 57-99% of microplastics depending on the stage, significant amounts still escape into the environment through treated water and sludge. The findings highlight the need for advanced treatment methods to prevent microplastics from reaching waterways and ultimately human water supplies.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 81 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution is widely detected in US municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent

Researchers conducted a wide survey of US municipal wastewater treatment plants and found microplastics widely present in effluent, confirming that conventional treatment does not fully remove microplastics and that treatment plants are ongoing sources of environmental contamination.

2016 Environmental Pollution 1124 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of bisphenol A concentration on organic matter removal and nitrification in biological wastewater treatment

Laboratory wastewater treatment experiments found that Bisphenol A (BPA), a plasticizer that leaches from many plastics, disrupted nitrification — the key microbial process that removes ammonia from wastewater — at concentrations of 10 mg/L by reducing populations of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrosomonas. Because wastewater treatment plants are critical for protecting water quality, these results highlight how plastic-derived chemical pollution can impair the very infrastructure designed to clean contaminated water.

2024 Environmental Technology & Innovation 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and distribution of microplastic particles and the concentration of Di 2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) in microplastics and wastewater in the wastewater treatment plant

Researchers investigated the presence and fate of microplastics during the wastewater treatment process, along with the plasticizer DEHP associated with them. They found that while treatment stages reduced microplastic numbers, the particles persisted throughout the process, and DEHP was detected in both the microplastics and surrounding wastewater. The study suggests that wastewater treatment plants are a significant pathway through which microplastics and associated chemicals enter the environment.

2020 Journal of Environmental Management 170 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: An overview of source and remediation technologies

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants serve as key pathways for microplastic entry into the environment, analyzing removal efficiencies across different treatment stages and identifying advanced technologies for improved microplastic remediation.

2022 Environmental Technology & Innovation 159 citations
Article Tier 2

Meso- and microplastics accumulate and transfer hazardous contaminants from wastewater treatment plants to the environment

Researchers investigated how meso- and microplastics in wastewater treatment plants accumulate organic and inorganic pollutants, including metals, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. They found that plastic particles act as carriers for these contaminants, redistributing them through both treated water discharge and sludge applied to land. The study suggests that wastewater treatment plants, while partially removing plastics, also serve as pathways for contaminated microplastics to reach the environment.

2026 Environmental Research