Papers

20 results
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Article Tier 2

Evaluation of the degradation from micro to nanoplastics from biodegradable bags in marine conditions

Researchers evaluated how biodegradable plastic bags degrade into micro- and nanoplastics under environmental conditions, comparing them to conventional plastics. The study found that even biodegradable materials generate persistent micro- and nanoplastic particles under real-world conditions.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Evaluation of the degradation from micro to nanoplastics from biodegradable bags in marine conditions

Researchers evaluated how biodegradable plastic bags degrade from the micro to nano scale under environmental conditions, testing whether commercial biodegradable plastics fully decompose or generate persistent nanoplastic particles. Results showed biodegradable bags produced nanoplastic particles during degradation, challenging the assumption that biodegradable label guarantees complete environmental breakdown.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Biodegradable plastics in the air and soil environment: Low degradation rate and high microplastics formation

Researchers compared the degradation rates of various biodegradable plastic types in natural air and soil environments over time, finding that most degraded slowly under ambient conditions and generated substantial microplastic fragments, with non-certified biodegradable plastics showing essentially no degradation.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 232 citations
Article Tier 2

Disintegration of commercial biodegradable plastic products under simulated industrial composting conditions

Researchers tested ten commercial biodegradable plastic products under simulated industrial composting conditions to see how well they actually break down. While some products disintegrated significantly, others showed incomplete breakdown, and the process generated microplastic fragments during degradation. This raises questions about whether biodegradable plastics truly solve the plastic pollution problem or simply create smaller plastic particles.

2025 Scientific Reports 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Short-term fragmentation of single-use plastic carrier bags in natural environment

This study monitored the short-term fragmentation of single-use plastic bags — including conventional polyethylene, cassava bioplastic, oxo-biodegradable, and compostable plastics — when left in natural outdoor environments. Results showed that even so-called biodegradable alternatives did not break down reliably in real-world conditions, potentially generating microplastics rather than fully degrading.

2023 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of Biodegradable Microplastics under Artificially Controlled Aging Conditions with UV Radiation

Researchers subjected biodegradable plastics to controlled UV aging and found that they fragmented into microplastics faster than conventional plastics under simulated outdoor conditions. Biodegradable plastics are promoted as an eco-friendly alternative, but this study shows they may actually create microplastic pollution more rapidly in real-world environments. The findings raise important questions about whether biodegradable plastics are a genuine solution to plastic pollution.

2023 Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics Generation: Onset of Fragmentation of Polyethylene Films in Marine Environment Mesocosms

Researchers investigated how high-density polyethylene films from plastic bags fragment into microplastics under simulated beach and nearshore conditions over six months. The study found that natural sunlight exposure on sand or in seawater caused measurable degradation, providing evidence for how everyday plastic bags break down into microplastic particles in marine environments.

2017 Frontiers in Marine Science 336 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation in Soil of Commercial Plastic Bags Labelled as “Biodegradable”

Researchers tested five commercially sold 'biodegradable' plastic bags in soil burial and UV weathering experiments, finding that polyester-based bags degraded more readily than polyolefin-based ones, which showed minimal actual biodegradation under realistic environmental conditions.

2023 Materials Research 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of the microplastic emission potential of a starch-based biodegradable plastic material

Researchers developed a method to assess the microplastic emission potential of biodegradable starch-based plastics under environmental conditions, finding that even materials labeled biodegradable can fragment into persistent microplastic particles depending on environmental degradation pathways.

2022 Polymer Degradation and Stability 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Composting of starch-based bioplastic bags: small scale test of degradation and size reduction trend

Small-scale composting experiments showed that starch-based bioplastic bags degraded physically and chemically over time, but the pace and completeness depended on conditions. The study addresses concerns that bioplastic bags used in food waste collection may not fully break down in composting facilities, potentially leaving plastic residue in compost.

2020 Detritus 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics formation based on degradation characteristics of beached plastic bags

Laboratory weathering of plastic bags under UV and mechanical stress produced microplastic fragments of varied sizes and shapes, with degradation rate and fragment characteristics depending on the bag material and environmental conditions.

2021 Marine Pollution Bulletin 52 citations
Article Tier 2

Characterising fragmentation of compostable bioplastic: releasing microplastics or small bioplastic debris

Researchers tested compostable bioplastic bin bags under real-use conditions with food waste and found that, despite being stable in water and heat alone, the bags fragmented within one week when in contact with food residues, releasing debris that resembles microplastics. The study highlights the need to distinguish between persistent conventional microplastics and bioplastic fragments, as both can enter the environment if waste is mismanaged.

2024 Environmental Sciences Europe 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation of supposedly biodegradable polymers in a real estuarine environment

Researchers tested the real-world degradation of supposedly biodegradable polymer bags in an estuarine environment over 180 days. The study found that bags made of PLA combined with PBAT and starch showed the most consistent degradation, while polyethylene bags with oxo-biodegradable additives and plain polyethylene showed minimal breakdown, questioning the effectiveness of some biodegradable alternatives in natural settings.

2026 Waste Management
Article Tier 2

Review on the Biological Degradation of Polymers in Various Environments

This review provides an overview of how biodegradable plastics degrade under different environmental conditions including soil, freshwater, marine, and composting environments. It finds that biodegradability is a material property strongly dependent on environmental conditions, and that many so-called biodegradable plastics degrade far more slowly in nature than in controlled test conditions.

2020 Materials 196 citations
Article Tier 2

Degradation efficiency of biodegradable plastics in subtropical open-air and marine environments: Implications for plastic pollution

Researchers tested several types of biodegradable plastics in real outdoor and ocean environments in Hong Kong and found that most failed to break down significantly over the study period. This means biodegradable plastics marketed as eco-friendly alternatives can still fragment into microplastics that persist in the environment and potentially enter the food chain, posing similar risks to conventional plastics.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 27 citations
Article Tier 2

Appraising co-composting efficiency of biodegradable plastic bags and food wastes: Assessment microplastics morphology, greenhouse gas emissions, and changes in microbial community

Researchers tested composting biodegradable plastic bags with food waste and found that while the bags broke down faster than regular plastic, the process still produced microplastic fragments and affected greenhouse gas emissions. The type of additives in the biodegradable bags influenced both the composting process and the microbial communities involved. This study raises important questions about whether "biodegradable" plastics truly solve the microplastic problem or simply create smaller plastic particles during decomposition.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 62 citations
Article Tier 2

A Mini Review on Recent Insight into Degradation of Environmental Plastics

This mini-review summarizes current knowledge on how plastics break down in the environment to form microplastics, covering mechanical, photochemical, thermal, and biological degradation pathways, and identifies key gaps in understanding how environmental conditions and plastic properties influence degradation rates.

2023 International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Novel insight into the in-situ study of biodegradable microplastics in soil aggregates

An in-situ study of biodegradable microplastic degradation under real environmental conditions revealed insights into how quickly these materials actually break down compared to lab predictions. The findings show that biodegradation rates in nature often differ significantly from those measured in controlled experiments.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 1 citations
Review Tier 2

Biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments: a critical review

Researchers critically reviewed existing biodegradability standards for carrier bags and plastic films in aquatic environments and found that current testing protocols do not adequately reflect real-world marine or freshwater conditions. The study suggests that labeling plastics as "biodegradable" may be misleading, since degradation rates vary dramatically depending on temperature, oxygen levels, and microbial communities present in natural water bodies.

2018 Royal Society Open Science 252 citations
Article Tier 2

The effect of biodegradable plastics on microplastic accumulation and exposure

Researchers developed a comprehensive method to quantify microplastic accumulation from biodegradable polymers in natural environments, examining whether biodegradable alternatives actually reduce plastic loads compared to conventional polymers under real-world outdoor conditions.

2025 Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling