Papers

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Article Tier 2

Additional file 1 of Emerging mechanisms of microplastic-induced skin diseases: a perspective from the gut–skin axis

This paper provides supplementary material for a review on microplastic-induced skin diseases through the gut-skin axis. The parent study examined how microplastics disrupt gut microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity, potentially contributing to inflammatory skin conditions via shared immune and neuroendocrine signaling.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Emerging mechanisms of microplastic-induced skin diseases: a perspective from the gut–skin axis

This review examined the emerging mechanisms by which microplastics may contribute to skin diseases through the gut-skin axis. Researchers found evidence that microplastics can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and compromise intestinal barrier integrity, which in turn may impair skin barrier function and trigger inflammatory skin conditions through shared immunological and neuroendocrine pathways.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Emerging mechanisms of microplastic-induced skin diseases: a perspective from the gut–skin axis

This review examined the emerging mechanisms by which microplastics may contribute to skin diseases through the gut-skin axis. Researchers found evidence that microplastics can induce gut microbiota dysbiosis and compromise intestinal barrier integrity, which in turn may impair skin barrier function and trigger inflammatory skin conditions through shared immunological and neuroendocrine pathways.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Emerging mechanisms of microplastic-induced skin diseases: a perspective from the gut–skin axis

This review explores how microplastics may cause skin damage through the gut-skin axis, a system connecting intestinal and skin health through immunological and neuroendocrine pathways. The study suggests that microplastics can disrupt gut microbial balance and intestinal barrier integrity, allowing harmful bacteria and metabolites to enter the bloodstream and contribute to skin inflammation, metabolic imbalance, and oxidative stress.

2026 Journal of Translational Medicine
Article Tier 2

Gut Microbiota and Extraintestinal Disorders: Are They Interrelated?

This review examines how disturbances to the gut microbiome — the community of bacteria living in the digestive tract — are linked not just to intestinal diseases but also to allergies, asthma, and cardiovascular conditions. This context is relevant to microplastics research because ingested plastic particles have been shown to alter gut microbial communities.

2021 Bengal Physician Journal
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and the gut-brain axis: Unraveling neurotoxic mechanisms and health implications

This review examines how microplastics interact with the gut-brain axis, a communication network linking the digestive system to the central nervous system. Researchers found that microplastics can disrupt intestinal barrier integrity, alter gut microbiota composition, and trigger systemic inflammation that may affect neurotransmitter balance and brain function. The study suggests that chronic microplastic exposure through the diet could contribute to neurological effects through inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.

2026 The Innovation Medicine
Article Tier 2

Gut microbiota as an emerging target for the health implications of microplastics

This review examines how microplastic exposure disrupts the gut microbiome, finding evidence that microplastics damage intestinal barrier proteins, promote inflammation and oxidative stress, and may drive systemic effects including neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity through gut-mediated pathways.

2025 Food Science and Human Wellness
Article Tier 2

Skin, gut, and lung barrier: Physiological interface and target of intervention for preventing and treating allergic diseases

This review summarizes how the protective barriers of our skin, gut, and lungs can be damaged by environmental factors including microplastics, leading to allergic conditions like asthma, food allergies, and eczema. The authors explain that a person's genetics, microbiome, and environmental exposures all contribute to barrier breakdown, and they highlight current treatments as well as gaps in care for these increasingly common conditions.

2024 Allergy 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and the gut microbiome: Emerging health concerns and strategies

This review covers how microplastic ingestion affects the gut microbiome, describing mechanisms by which microplastics cause intestinal disorders, disrupt endocrine function, and promote pathogenic bacterial growth, while also noting inhalation and dermal absorption as secondary exposure routes.

2025 Journal of Environmental Biology
Article Tier 2

Intestinal barrier dysfunction and food allergy

This review applies the epithelial barrier hypothesis to food allergy, arguing that environmental exposures including microplastics, nanoplastics, food additives, and detergents disrupt gut and skin barriers and drive the rise in allergic disease.

2024 Rivista di immunologia ed allergologia pediatrica. 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Health risk analysis of micro-and nanoplastic exposure via the microbiota-gut-brain axis

This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics that accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract may disrupt the microbiota-gut-brain axis through neural, immune, and endocrine pathways. The study suggests that these particles can interfere with normal gut microbiota function after entering the body through diet, inhalation, and skin contact, potentially inducing or worsening health effects.

2026 Frontiers in Immunology
Article Tier 2

Mechanistic insight of neurodegeneration due to micro/nano-plastic-induced gut dysbiosis.

This review provided mechanistic insight into how micro/nano-plastic-induced gut dysbiosis drives neurodegeneration, tracing a pathway from intestinal microbiome disruption to neuroinflammation and brain damage. It identified the gut-brain axis as the critical link between plastic particle exposure and progressive neurodegenerative conditions.

2025 Archives of toxicology
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in dermatology: Potential effects on skin homeostasis

This study highlights the growing concern that microplastics and nanoplastics may affect skin health by disrupting the skin's natural balance. While research is still early, the findings suggest that these synthetic particles could interfere with skin homeostasis, pointing to a need for further investigation into how everyday plastic exposure might affect our largest organ.

2024 Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and human health: unveiling the gut microbiome disruption and chronic disease risks

This review summarizes evidence that microplastics disrupt the gut microbiome, the community of bacteria in our digestive system that plays a key role in immunity, metabolism, and overall health. By altering gut bacteria balance and triggering inflammation, microplastic exposure may contribute to chronic conditions including inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and potentially even neurological problems through the gut-brain connection.

2024 Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 82 citations
Article Tier 2

Innovative mechanisms of micro- and nanoplastic-induced brain injury: Emphasis on the microbiota-gut-brain axis

This review summarizes how micro- and nanoplastics may damage the brain through the gut-brain axis, a communication pathway between the digestive system and the nervous system. Nanoplastics can disrupt gut bacteria and weaken the intestinal barrier, potentially sending inflammatory signals to the brain. The authors suggest that targeting gut health could be a way to reduce brain damage caused by nanoplastic exposure.

2024 Life Sciences 17 citations
Article Tier 2

The role of gut microbiota in MP/NP-induced toxicity

This review summarizes how micro- and nanoplastics disrupt gut bacteria and why that matters for overall health. The tiny plastic particles change the composition and function of the gut microbiome, which can trigger inflammation, weaken the intestinal barrier, and potentially contribute to diseases beyond the gut through the immune and nervous systems.

2024 Environmental Pollution 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Intestinal permeability, food antigens and the microbiome: a multifaceted perspective

This review summarizes how a leaky gut barrier, caused by factors like Western diets, pollution, and infections, can trigger chronic diseases including celiac disease, food allergies, and irritable bowel syndrome. The gut lining, microbiome, and immune system all work together to maintain health, but environmental disruptions can throw this balance off. This is relevant to microplastics research because studies have shown that microplastic exposure can damage the gut barrier and alter the microbiome in similar ways.

2025 Frontiers in Allergy 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Micro(nano)plastics and Their Potential Impact on Human Gut Health: A Narrative Review

This review summarizes research on how micro- and nanoplastics affect the gut, finding that they can damage the intestinal lining, trigger immune responses, and disrupt the balance of beneficial gut bacteria in both cell studies and animal models. Since humans are primarily exposed to microplastics through food and food packaging, understanding these gut effects is essential for assessing the true health risks of plastic pollution.

2024 Current Issues in Molecular Biology 62 citations
Article Tier 2

Epithelial Barrier: Protector and Trigger of Allergic Disorders

This review explores the epithelial barrier hypothesis, which proposes that disruption of skin, lung, and gut epithelial barriers by environmental exposures such as microplastics and pollutants drives the rising incidence of allergic and inflammatory diseases.

2022 Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology 18 citations
Review Tier 2

Immunotoxicity and intestinal effects of nano- and microplastics: a review of the literature

This review examines the evidence on how nano- and microplastics affect the immune system and intestinal health. The findings suggest that exposure to these particles can disrupt the gut microbiome and impair critical intestinal barrier functions, potentially contributing to the development of chronic inflammatory and immune conditions.

2020 Particle and Fibre Toxicology 658 citations
Article Tier 2

Epithelial barrier hypothesis: Effect of the external exposome on the microbiome and epithelial barriers in allergic disease

This review proposes the 'epithelial barrier hypothesis,' which suggests that modern environmental exposures, including microplastics, air pollution, and processed food additives, are damaging the protective barriers of our skin, gut, and airways. When these barriers break down, foreign substances and bacteria can enter the body and trigger allergic and inflammatory diseases, which have been increasing rapidly in recent decades. The research suggests microplastics may be one of many environmental factors driving the rise in conditions like asthma, food allergies, and eczema.

2022 Allergy 371 citations
Article Tier 2

Autoimmune Diseases and Microplastic Pollution: Joining the Dots

This review examines the emerging literature connecting microplastic pollution with autoimmune disease development, discussing mechanisms by which plastic particles and their chemical additives could trigger immune dysregulation. The authors identify oxidative stress, gut microbiome disruption, and molecular mimicry as plausible pathways linking chronic microplastic exposure to autoimmune conditions.

2024 Indian Journal of Medical Specialities 1 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Impact of microplastics on the intestinal microbiota: A systematic review of preclinical evidence

Across 28 preclinical studies, microplastics triggered intestinal dysbiosis characterized by increased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and decreased Bacteroidetes, while increasing gut permeability and elevating pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6.

2022 Life Sciences 70 citations
Article Tier 2

[Microplastic and skin-an update].

This review summarizes current evidence on microplastics (1–5000 µm) and nanoplastics as skin-relevant pollutants, covering how they enter and interact with skin tissue. Evidence suggests dermal uptake is possible, particularly through damaged skin, and that these particles may carry additional chemical hazards.

2026 Dermatologie (Heidelberg, Germany)