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Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Environmental Sources Food & Water Gut & Microbiome Human Health Effects Nanoplastics Sign in to save

Health risk analysis of micro-and nanoplastic exposure via the microbiota-gut-brain axis

Frontiers in Immunology 2026
Xuan Wang, Haoming Yu, Jihong Li, Jihong Li, Shengyu Han, Yuhua Chi

Summary

This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics that accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract may disrupt the microbiota-gut-brain axis through neural, immune, and endocrine pathways. The study suggests that these particles can interfere with normal gut microbiota function after entering the body through diet, inhalation, and skin contact, potentially inducing or worsening health effects.

As global plastic pollution continues to intensify, micro- and nanoplastics have emerged as novel environmental pollutants threatening human health. These particles enter the human body through dietary ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact,accumulating within the gastrointestinal tract. Their disruption of the intestinal microbiota has become a recent research focus. Studies indicate that micro- and nanoplastics can interfere with the normal mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis via neural, immune, and endocrine pathways, thereby inducing or exacerbating diseases. This paper reviews the exposure pathways and intestinal accumulation characteristics of micro- and nanoplastics in humans, the composition of normal gut microbiota and their metabolic products, elucidates the functional pathways of the microbiota-gut-brain axis and the potential impacts of microplastics upon entering the human body, and summarises the current research status, limitations, and future prospects.

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