Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Assessing the presence of microplastic particles in Tunisian agriculture soils and their potential toxicity effects using Eisenia andrei as bioindicator

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination in Tunisian agricultural soils under different farming practices, including organic farming, greenhouses, mulching, and wastewater irrigation. They found that earthworms readily ingested the microplastics, with particles from mulched and wastewater-irrigated soils causing significant oxidative stress in the worms. The study provides new evidence that agricultural microplastics pose a real threat to soil-dwelling organisms and terrestrial ecosystems.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 122 citations
Article Tier 2

Understanding the harmful effects of polyethylene microplastics on Eisenia fetida: A toxicological evaluation

Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to increasing concentrations of polyethylene microplastics in soil showed lower body weight, reduced reproductive output, and disrupted antioxidant defenses — with oxidative stress markers climbing nearly 1.3-fold at the highest dose. These findings confirm that microplastic pollution degrades soil ecosystem health at concentrations that could plausibly occur in contaminated agricultural land.

2023 Journal of Applied and Natural Science 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms on a microplastics diet

Researchers found that environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics added to plant litter on soil surfaces led to reduced growth and elevated mortality in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, and that earthworms may themselves transport ingested microplastics deeper into soils.

2016 Science 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of polyethylene microplastics stress on soil physicochemical properties mediated by earthworm Eisenia fetida

Researchers exposed earthworms to polyethylene microplastics of two sizes and found that smaller particles (13 micrometers) were more toxic than larger ones (130 micrometers), reducing survival and growth more severely. The microplastics caused oxidative stress in the worms and altered key soil properties including pH and organic carbon content. Since earthworms play a vital role in maintaining healthy soil for agriculture, this damage could affect soil quality and ultimately the food grown in microplastic-contaminated farmland.

2024 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic distribution and transport in agricultural soils : from field to burrow scale

Researchers investigated the spatial distribution and transport of microplastics in agricultural soils through field surveys and laboratory experiments. They found that sewage sludge amendments led to significantly higher microplastic contamination than mineral fertilizers, and that earthworm activity was a key mechanism for moving plastic particles deeper into soil. The study highlights the importance of accounting for both horizontal and vertical microplastic transport in soils when assessing agricultural pollution.

2024 Acta universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Transcriptomic and metabolic responses of earthworms to contaminated soil with polypropylene and polyethylene microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations

Researchers studied how environmentally realistic concentrations of polypropylene and polyethylene microplastics affect earthworms at the molecular level. They found that both plastic types triggered oxidative stress, damaged digestive and immune systems, disrupted lipid metabolism, and altered the earthworms' ability to regulate water balance. The study suggests that even at concentrations commonly found in the environment, microplastic-contaminated soil poses measurable health risks to earthworms.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 126 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of environmentally relevant mixtures of microplastics on soil organisms

Researchers exposed earthworms and springtails to environmentally realistic mixtures of microplastics commonly found in agricultural soils treated with sewage sludge. They found that earthworms ingested microplastics in proportion to exposure levels, and at higher concentrations, both species showed reduced reproduction. The study provides evidence that real-world microplastic mixtures in farm soils can affect important soil organisms at concentrations already found in the environment.

2025 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Structure and diversity of earthworm communities in long-term irrigated soils with raw effluent and treated wastewater

This study compared earthworm communities in soils irrigated with raw versus treated wastewater, finding differences in species diversity and abundance. Earthworms are sensitive to soil pollutants including microplastics, and their communities can reflect the health of agricultural soils irrigated with potentially contaminated water.

2023 Water Science & Technology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of polyethylene microplastics on tebuconazole bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and intestinal bacterial community in earthworms

Researchers exposed earthworms to polyethylene microplastics of different sizes alongside a common fungicide and found that smaller microplastics caused the most severe oxidative stress and DNA damage. The microplastics also changed how much fungicide accumulated in the earthworms and disrupted their gut bacteria. This matters because earthworms are essential for soil health, and these effects could ripple through agricultural ecosystems that produce our food.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Oxidative stress, energy metabolism and molecular responses of earthworms (Eisenia fetida) exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastics

Researchers exposed earthworms to various concentrations of low-density polyethylene microplastics for 28 days and measured oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and molecular responses. The study found dose-dependent increases in oxidative damage markers and alterations in energy reserves, suggesting that microplastic contamination in soils can trigger measurable physiological stress in soil invertebrates.

2018 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 199 citations
Article Tier 2

Detecting microplastics in organic-rich materials and their potential risks to earthworms in agroecosystems

Researchers measured microplastic contamination in sewage sludge biosolids and the agricultural soils amended with them, finding plastic particles throughout all samples. They then tested whether these environmentally realistic microplastic levels posed short-term risks to earthworms and found no significant impact on survival or fitness over 28 days. However, the study notes that longer-term and chronic exposure effects on soil organisms remain an open question.

2023 Waste Management 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity assessment of animal manure composts containing environmental microplastics by using earthworms Eisenia andrei

Researchers found microplastics in animal manure compost from both cow and sheep farms, confirming that using manure as fertilizer introduces plastic particles into agricultural soil. When earthworms were exposed to these contaminated composts, they showed signs of oxidative stress and cellular damage. Since manure composting is a widespread farming practice, this represents a significant pathway for microplastics to enter the soil where food crops are grown.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Using Earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa) as Vital Soil Pollution Bio-indicator for Microplastic Toxicity

Researchers exposed earthworms (Aporrectodea caliginosa) to three types of microplastics—polyester, polyacrylic, and polyethylene—found commonly in Egypt to assess toxicity over five weeks. Results showed dose-dependent declines in earthworm survival and morphological damage, with polyacrylic particles causing the greatest harm.

2025 Catrina The International Journal of Environmental Sciences
Article Tier 2

Responses of earthworms exposed to low-density polyethylene microplastic fragments

Researchers exposed earthworms to low-density polyethylene microplastic fragments at various concentrations and studied the effects on their survival, growth, and reproduction. The microplastics affected earthworm behavior and caused measurable changes depending on concentration and exposure time. Since earthworms are critical for soil health and nutrient cycling, their sensitivity to microplastics raises concerns about how plastic pollution may degrade agricultural soils.

2023 Chemosphere 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and earthworms in soils: A case study on translocation, toxicity and fate

This conference abstract presents research on how earthworms in agricultural soils interact with microplastics, examining whether worms translocate particles deeper into soil, experience toxic effects, and alter the fate of microplastic contamination. Earthworms are key soil engineers, and their exposure to microplastics could have cascading effects on soil health.

2020
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in agricultural soils: sources, impacts on soil organisms, plants, and humans

This review examines how microplastics get into farm soils from sources like plastic mulching, wastewater, and fertilizers, and how they affect soil organisms, plant growth, and ultimately human health. The research shows microplastics can damage crop roots, harm earthworms and soil life, and when they enter the food chain, may cause liver damage, inflammation, and immune system problems in people.

2025 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics originated from agricultural mulching films affect enchytraeid multigeneration reproduction and soil properties

This study tested microplastics from real agricultural mulching films, both conventional polyethylene and biodegradable types, on small soil worms over multiple generations. Even biodegradable film microplastics reduced worm reproduction and altered soil properties like pH and water-holding capacity. The results show that microplastics from agricultural plastics, including supposedly eco-friendly alternatives, can harm soil organisms and threaten long-term soil health and food production.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the Terrestrial Ecosystem: Implications forLumbricus terrestris(Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae)

This study is one of the first to investigate microplastic effects on a terrestrial organism, exposing earthworms to polyethylene particles mixed into leaf litter at various concentrations. Researchers found that while the earthworms survived all exposure levels, those exposed to the highest concentrations showed significant weight loss over the experimental period. The findings suggest that microplastic contamination of soils could affect the health and functioning of earthworms, which play a vital role in maintaining soil quality.

2016 Environmental Science & Technology 1194 citations
Article Tier 2

Negligible effects of microplastics on animal fitness and HOC bioaccumulation in earthworm Eisenia fetida in soil

Researchers exposed earthworms to polyethylene and polystyrene microplastics at concentrations up to 20 percent of soil dry weight and measured oxidative stress biomarkers. While the highest concentration caused some biochemical changes, no significant effects were observed at 10 percent or below, which covers most realistic environmental scenarios. The study also found that microplastics reduced the bioaccumulation of PAHs and PCBs in earthworm tissues, suggesting that the particles may actually limit the uptake of certain organic pollutants in soil organisms.

2019 Environmental Pollution 338 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of polystyrene microplastics on the fitness of earthworms in an agricultural soil

Researchers exposed earthworms to polystyrene microplastics in agricultural soil at various concentrations. The study found that low concentrations had little effect, but high concentrations (1% and above) significantly inhibited growth and increased mortality, suggesting microplastic pollution poses ecological risks to soil organisms in terrestrial ecosystems.

2017 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 271 citations
Article Tier 2

Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review

This review examines the current state of research on plastic pollution in soil ecosystems, an area that has received far less attention than marine plastic contamination. Researchers found that agricultural practices, sewage sludge application, and plastic mulch use are major sources of soil microplastic pollution, with earthworms being the most commonly studied organisms for assessing ecological impacts. The study calls for more research into how microplastics affect soil biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and long-term soil health.

2018 Environmental Pollution 1096 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of polyvinyl chloride and low-density polyethylene microplastics on oxidative stress and mitochondria function of earthworm (Eisenia fetida)

Researchers exposed earthworms to PVC and polyethylene microplastics in soil and measured the effects on oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. Both plastic types caused significant cellular damage, with PVC proving more harmful by generating higher levels of reactive oxygen species and more severely disrupting the energy-producing mitochondria. The study provides evidence that microplastic accumulation in agricultural soils could harm the earthworms that play a critical role in maintaining soil health.

2024 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 9 citations
Article Tier 2

What do we know about how the terrestrial multicellular soil fauna reacts to microplastic?

This review analyzed published studies on how multicellular soil organisms (including earthworms, mites, springtails, and nematodes) ingest and respond to microplastics, finding that most studies used unrealistically high concentrations and that ecologically relevant effects on soil fauna remain poorly characterized.

2020 SOIL 106 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Agricultural Soil: Fate, Impacts, and Bioremediation by Earthworms

This review examines how microplastics accumulate in agricultural soils and the role earthworms may play in breaking them down. Researchers found that microplastics can harm soil health by disrupting microbial communities, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability, but that earthworms can enhance microplastic degradation through their digestive processes and the microorganisms in their gut. The study suggests that earthworm-based bioremediation could be a practical strategy for reducing microplastic contamination in farmland.

2025 Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2 citations