Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

How Perceptions of Trust, Risk, Tap Water Quality, and Salience Characterize Drinking Water Choices

Researchers examined how trust in water utilities, risk perceptions, and awareness of tap water quality shape household drinking water choices, finding that distrust driven by historical contamination events leads consumers to increase bottled water use even when tap water meets safety standards.

2021 Hydrology 40 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of packaged drinking water use in Indonesia in the last decades: trends, socio-economic determinants, and safety aspect

Analysis of Indonesian national survey data showed that packaged drinking water (PDW) consumption has grown at 1.24% per year since 2000, with socioeconomic status being the strongest predictor of consumption. Systematic literature review identified microplastic contamination and chemical leaching from plastic containers as key safety concerns for the 50% of Indonesians projected to use PDW by 2026.

2022 Water Policy 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Self-Reported Consumption of Bottled Water v. Tap Water in Appalachian and Non-Appalachian Kentucky

Not relevant to microplastics — this study examines self-reported bottled water versus tap water consumption preferences among Appalachian Kentuckians, focusing on public trust in drinking water rather than microplastic contamination.

2024 PubMed 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Public Perception of Drinking Water Quality in an Arsenic-Affected Region: Implications for Sustainable Water Management

Researchers surveyed residents in an arsenic-affected region of Serbia about their perceptions of tap water quality and found that most had a negative view, which closely matched actual water contamination levels. Over 43% of respondents purchased at least five liters of bottled water per week, and because Serbia has low plastic recycling rates, most of those bottles end up in landfills where they slowly break down into microplastics. The study highlights a cycle where water contamination drives bottled water consumption, which in turn contributes to plastic pollution.

2025 Water 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessment of Risk Perception on Microplastics Pollution in Drinking Water Sources

Researchers surveyed higher education students to assess their risk perception of microplastic pollution in drinking water sources and measured relationships between perception, concern, and behavioral intention to reduce plastic use. The study aimed to identify knowledge gaps and inform awareness campaigns targeting informed plastic reduction behavior among young adults.

2022 IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Single use plastic usage in the Maldives: Knowledge, practice and attitude

Researchers surveyed single-use plastic consumption patterns, knowledge levels, and consumer attitudes in the Maldives using questionnaires, finding significant knowledge gaps about single-use plastics and concerns about tap water confidence in a small island nation facing severe solid waste management pressures.

2022 Research Square (Research Square) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic Contamination in Drinking Water Treatment Systems: A Case Study of Bedadung River Jember

Researchers traced microplastic contamination through the Bedadung River water treatment chain in Indonesia, from intake to consumer taps, at seven sampling points. MPs were present throughout the system, with concentrations declining through treatment stages but not reaching zero, indicating residual MP exposure in treated drinking water.

2025 Energy - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Teknik
Article Tier 2

Analisis Mikroplastik Pada Air Minum Dalam Kemasan Di Kota Padang

Researchers analyzed microplastics in 30 bottled water samples from three brands in Padang, Indonesia, finding contamination in all samples at concentrations of 5-11 particles per liter. Fragment morphotypes dominated, followed by fibers and pellets, and significant differences in microplastic abundance were found between brands, raising consumer safety concerns in the Indonesian context.

2024 METANA
Article Tier 2

The Impacts of Environmental Knowledge on Aqua Product Purchase: The Role of Environmental Concerns

Researchers examined how environmental knowledge and environmental concerns influence bottled water purchasing behavior among residents of Bandung, Indonesia, focusing on the Aqua brand as a proxy for plastic-packaged aqua products. Results indicate that stronger environmental awareness correlates with altered purchase decisions, highlighting the role of consumer education in reducing plastic consumption.

2024 Journal of System and Management Sciences
Article Tier 2

Theory of planned behavior to analyze students’ intentions in consuming tap water

This study found that Indonesian students largely preferred tap water over bottled water, with the theory of planned behavior identifying perceived safety, environmental concern, and habit as key drivers of tap water consumption.

2023 Eurasia Journal of Mathematics Science and Technology Education 7 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Factors influencing microplastic contamination in bottled drinking water in Indonesia: a systematic review

This systematic review found that bottled drinking water in Indonesia contains microplastics, with contamination levels influenced by packaging type, bottle material, and storage conditions. The findings raise health concerns because microplastics in drinking water can carry harmful chemicals and may affect the digestive system when consumed regularly.

2023 Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat
Article Tier 2

Kandungan Mikroplastik Pada Air Minum Dalam Kemasan (AMDK) yang Beredar di Semarang, Jawa Tengah

This Indonesian study detected and characterized microplastics in bottled drinking water (AMDK) sold in Semarang, Central Java. Bottled water is widely consumed as a supposedly hygienic alternative to tap water, making findings of microplastic contamination in this product category particularly relevant to understanding direct human ingestion pathways.

2023 METANA 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and Source of Microplastics Contamination in Drinking Water and Performance of Water Treatment Plants in Removing Microplastics

This review summarizes evidence that microplastics are present in both tap water and bottled water worldwide, with bottled water frequently contaminated by particles shed from the plastic packaging itself. Conventional water treatment plants remove between 40% and 93% of microplastics but cannot eliminate them entirely, meaning treated drinking water still carries measurable plastic loads. The chapter highlights the irony that plastic packaging intended to deliver clean water is itself a major source of microplastic contamination.

2023
Article Tier 2

Performance of Conventional Drinking Water Treatment Plants in Removing Microplastics in East Java, Indonesia

This Indonesian study tested two conventional drinking water treatment plants in East Java for their ability to remove microplastics, finding that full multi-stage treatment achieved significant reduction but did not eliminate all particles. The results show that conventional water treatment partially protects consumers but may not prevent all microplastic ingestion through drinking water.

2023 Journal of Ecological Engineering 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence of Microplastics in Tap and Bottled Water: Current Knowledge

This review summarizes current research on microplastic contamination in both tap and bottled drinking water. Researchers found that microplastics are present in both water sources, with bottled water generally containing higher concentrations than tap water, and smaller particles being more abundant. The study raises public health concerns and emphasizes the need for improved detection methods and drinking water treatment standards.

2022 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 184 citations
Article Tier 2

Trust in Drinking Water Quality: Understanding the Role of Risk Perception and Transparency

A representative Dutch survey using traditional and modern segmentation approaches found that while general public trust in tap water is high, distinct consumer segments — particularly health-conscious and quality-focused groups — express specific concerns about emerging contaminants like microplastics and pharmaceuticals.

2020 Water 61 citations
Article Tier 2

The impact of environmental management on the growth of the bottled water industry in Indonesia (Case study: sales of disposable gallons)

This study investigated how environmental management practices affect plastic waste generation and microplastic pollution associated with agricultural and industrial operations. The findings suggest that stronger environmental governance leads to measurable reductions in plastic waste entering natural systems.

2024 Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic and Practice Studies 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Perception of water pollution among Malaysian university students: A case study

This Malaysian university survey found that students had moderate awareness of water pollution but limited understanding of its causes and consequences. Better environmental education about water pollution sources — including microplastics — is needed to build the informed citizenry required for effective pollution prevention.

2023 Sustainable Social Development 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Smaller-sized micro-plastics (MPs) contamination in single-use PET-bottled water in Thailand.

This study quantified microplastics in ten brands of single-use PET-bottled water sold in Thailand, finding an average of 140 particles per liter using fluorescent staining. The results add to global evidence that bottled water is a consistent route of human microplastic exposure and suggest that plastic packaging is a likely contamination source.

2020 The Science of the total environment
Article Tier 2

Analytical Review of Microplastics Occurrence in Bottled Water, Tap Water, and Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review analyzes microplastic contamination across bottled water, tap water, and wastewater treatment plants using data from studies worldwide. Researchers found that microplastic levels in drinking water are closely tied to the water source and that packaging type significantly influences contamination, with glass bottles recommended over plastic. The study emphasizes the need for improved water treatment technologies and greater public awareness about microplastic exposure through drinking water.

2024 E3S Web of Conferences 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigating the knowledge, attitude and perception on microplastic pollution: a comparison between residents in Temerloh living in urban and rural areas

Researchers surveyed urban and rural residents of Temerloh, Malaysia, on their knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of microplastic pollution, finding gaps in awareness that contribute to poor waste management behaviours and ongoing environmental contamination.

2023 UiTM Institutional Repositories (Universiti Teknologi MARA)
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Malaysian bottled water brands: Occurrence and potential human exposure

Researchers tested eight major bottled water brands sold in Malaysia and found microplastic particles in all of them, with concentrations varying significantly between brands. The most common types were fragments and fibers made of polyethylene and polypropylene. The study estimates daily microplastic intake from bottled water consumption and highlights the need for quality standards addressing microplastic contamination in drinking water.

2022 Environmental Pollution 99 citations
Article Tier 2

Ubiquity of Microplastics in Drinking Water: An Update on Its Assessment and Impact

This review documents the widespread presence of microplastics in drinking water worldwide — including both tap and bottled water — and examines the potential health impacts of ingesting these particles. Current evidence shows microplastics are present in essentially all drinking water supplies at levels that cause concern, though the long-term health effects remain under investigation. The review calls for improved water treatment and reduced plastic use as parallel strategies to address the problem.

2021 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Public perceptions and expert opinions about microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in water

This qualitative study explored how the public and experts perceive microplastic and nanoplastic contamination in water, using interviews and focus groups across multiple stakeholder groups. It found significant gaps between scientific understanding and public risk perception, with implications for water policy and communication strategies.

2025 Environmental Research Health