Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers stress-tested 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under greenhouse conditions and found significant performance tradeoffs between reducing ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. Six fertilizers performed well across both measures, including two inhibitor-based products and four polymer-coated formulations. The study notes that polymer coatings on fertilizers, including those made from biodegradable plastics like PLA, can themselves become sources of microplastics in agricultural soils.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Environmental sustainability of future fertilizers: tradeoffs between ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching for 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers

Researchers stress-tested 11 enhanced efficiency fertilizers under controlled greenhouse conditions to compare their performance in reducing ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching. They found strong performance tradeoffs among products, with six fertilizers performing well across both measures, including polymer-coated formulations. The study notes that polymer coatings used in fertilizer technology, including biodegradable options like PLA, represent a potential source of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2026 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Generation Characteristics of Micro Plastics from Different Types of Coated Controlled-Release Fertilizer Films

Researchers conducted soil incubation experiments simulating five years of continuous application of three polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers to characterize microplastic generation from their degrading coating films. The study found that the polymer coating type significantly affected both fertilizer release characteristics and microplastic production, with changes in soil nitrogen fractions and electrical conductivity influencing the rate of membrane shell degradation and subsequent plastic particle release.

2025 Frontiers of Chinese Agricultural Sciences
Article Tier 2

Evaluating novel biodegradable polymer matrix fertilizers for nitrogen‐efficient agriculture

Researchers designed and evaluated biodegradable polymer matrix fertilizers for nitrogen-efficient agriculture, testing their performance in simulated tropical conditions and finding improved nitrogen retention compared to conventional fertilizers, though with some trade-offs in release kinetics.

2024 Journal of Environmental Quality 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of microplastics derived from controlled release fertilizer coating: Selective microbial colonization and metabolism in plastisphere

Scientists studied how microplastics from fertilizer coatings break down in soil over more than two years, finding that polyethylene degraded the most (nearly 17% weight loss) while producing secondary microplastic fragments and chemical byproducts. Specific bacteria and fungi colonized the plastic surfaces, forming biofilms that helped break down the material. This research shows that coated fertilizers are a direct source of microplastic pollution in farmland, where the breakdown products could enter crops and groundwater.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of Slow-Released Fertilisers as a Source of Microplastics

Analysis of slow-release fertilisers coated with polymer shells found that these products can release microplastics into agricultural soils as the coatings degrade. Two major manufacturers' products showed varying polymer compositions and differing abilities to adsorb soil contaminants, raising concerns about MP accumulation from fertiliser use.

2024 Land 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantification and identification of microplastics in organic fertilizers: the implication for the manufacture and safe application

Researchers measured microplastic contamination in 23 commercial organic fertilizers, finding widespread presence at levels that could meaningfully contribute to agricultural soil pollution when fertilizers are applied. The results raise concerns about organic fertilizers as an underappreciated pathway for microplastics entering farm soils and the food system.

2022 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Advancements and challenges in controlled-release fertilisers: An approach to integrate biopolymer-based strategies

This review examines controlled-release fertilizers, which are designed to deliver nutrients to plants gradually, and finds that many use synthetic polymer coatings that can leave microplastic residues in soil. The authors highlight biopolymers made from natural materials like chitosan, cellulose, and starch as promising alternatives that can biodegrade without contributing to plastic pollution. The shift toward biodegradable fertilizer coatings could help reduce a significant but often overlooked source of agricultural microplastic contamination.

2025 Industrial Crops and Products 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Engineering biodegradable coatings for sustainable fertilisers

This review explored engineering biodegradable coatings for controlled-release fertilizers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastic-coated products, addressing concerns about microplastic contamination from agricultural plastic films while maintaining effective nutrient delivery to crops.

2023 Microbiology Australia 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Mechanisms of microplastic generation from polymer-coated controlled-release fertilizers (PC-CRFs)

This study investigated how the plastic coatings on slow-release fertilizers break down and release microplastics into soil. Significantly more microplastic particles were released in soil conditions than in water alone, and wet-dry cycles accelerated the breakdown, meaning agricultural soils receiving these fertilizers may be accumulating substantial amounts of microplastic pollution.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Advances in Controlled Release Fertilizers: Cost‐Effective Coating Techniques and Smart Stimuli‐Responsive Hydrogels

This review examines advances in controlled release fertilizer technology, focusing on cost-effective coating techniques and smart hydrogels that release nutrients in response to environmental conditions. Researchers found that while these technologies improve nutrient efficiency and reduce environmental pollution from fertilizer runoff, the coatings themselves can introduce microplastic contamination into soils. The study calls for development of fully biodegradable coating materials that deliver the benefits of controlled release without adding to plastic pollution in agricultural lands.

2023 Advanced Sustainable Systems 72 citations
Article Tier 2

A comparative assessment of polymer-coated and non-coated urea in direct-seeded rice: agronomic, economic, and environmental performance and sensitivity analysis

A field and modeling study in Japan compared polymer-coated urea (slow-release fertilizer wrapped in plastic capsules) with conventional urea, finding that despite the plastic pollution cost of the capsules, the coated fertilizer had a lower overall environmental cost because it reduced nitrogen runoff losses. However, the authors note that the environmental cost of microplastic pollution from the capsules is highly uncertain because the ecological harm of agricultural microplastics is still poorly understood. If alternative low-loss nitrogen application methods achieving over 50% nitrogen recovery can be developed, they could replace coated urea without the plastic pollution trade-off.

2024 Crop and Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

A new tool to screen biodegradable polymers as technically and commercially viable fertiliser coatings

Researchers developed a screening tool to evaluate biodegradable polymers against technical and commercial viability criteria, enabling manufacturers and regulators to assess whether proposed biodegradable materials will genuinely perform as advertised in real-world disposal environments.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure assessment of plastics, phthalate plasticizers and their transformation products in diverse bio-based fertilizers

Researchers tested bio-based fertilizers made from different organic wastes and found they all contained microplastics and phthalate plasticizers (chemicals added to make plastics flexible). Fertilizers made from sewage sludge had the highest levels of contamination, and the processing methods only partially reduced the chemical pollutants. This means that using these fertilizers on farmland could be introducing microplastics and hormone-disrupting chemicals into agricultural soils and potentially into our food.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Unraveling consequences of soil micro- and nano-plastic pollution on soil-plant system: Implications for nitrogen (N) cycling and soil microbial activity

This review examines how micro- and nano-plastics affect soil microbial activity and nitrogen cycling in agricultural ecosystems, finding mixed effects that depend on polymer type and size. The authors highlight concerns about biodegradable plastics posing greater risks to plant growth than conventional plastics, complicating the assumption that biodegradable options are always safer.

2020 Chemosphere 210 citations
Article Tier 2

The effects of microplastics on crop variation depend on polymer types and their interactions with soil nutrient availability and weed competition

Researchers investigated how different types of microplastics interact with soil nutrient availability and weed competition to affect crop growth. The study found that the effects of microplastics on plant performance depend on the polymer type and are modulated by fertilization levels and competition from weeds, suggesting that real-world agricultural impacts of microplastic pollution may be more complex than laboratory studies indicate.

2024 Plant Biology 3 citations
Article Tier 2

A risk assessment framework for fragmenting (micro-)plastics. A case study for polymer coated fertilizers in soil

Researchers developed a risk assessment framework specifically for fragmenting microplastics from polymer-coated fertilizers in agricultural soils, incorporating fragmentation dynamics and bioavailable particle fractions. The framework found that current environmental concentrations of PCF-derived microplastics approach hazardous levels for some soil organisms.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Polyester microplastic fibers in soil increase nitrogen loss via leaching and decrease plant biomass production and N uptake

Researchers found that polyester microplastic fibers in soil increased nitrogen loss via leaching by up to 300% while decreasing plant biomass production and nitrogen uptake in maize, demonstrating significant disruption to agroecosystem nutrient cycling.

2022 Environmental Research Letters 92 citations
Article Tier 2

Risks of microplastics from polyurethane and polyethylene-polycarbonate coated fertilizers to soil-crop system

Microplastics derived from polyurethane and polyethylene-polycarbonate coated fertilizers significantly reduced tomato seed germination rates (by 12–22%) and inhibited early seedling growth, while also altering soil enzyme activity in ways that could affect long-term soil health.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Effects of microplastics exposure on soil inorganic nitrogen: A comprehensive synthesis

Meta-analysis of 216 observations from 47 studies showed microplastics exposure significantly reduced soil nitrate concentration by 7.89% overall, but had no significant effect on ammonium. Microplastic polymer type was the strongest predictor of nitrate effects, and exposure above 27C actually enhanced soil nitrate, highlighting a concerning interaction with global warming.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 59 citations
Article Tier 2

Runoff and accumulation of microplastics derived from polymer-coated fertilizer in Japanese paddy fields

Researchers investigated how polymer-coated fertilizers widely used in Japanese rice farming release microplastic shell fragments into paddy fields and surrounding waterways. The study found that between 61 and 100 percent of the fertilizer coating fragments run off from fields, and estimates suggest this is a meaningful source of agricultural microplastic pollution across Japan.

2025 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Short-term effects of polyethene and polypropylene microplastics on soil phosphorus and nitrogen availability

Researchers examined the short-term effects of polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics on soil nutrient cycling, finding that these particles can alter the availability of phosphorus and nitrogen depending on microplastic size and fertilization conditions.

2021 Chemosphere 139 citations
Article Tier 2

The Structural and Functional Responses of Rhizosphere Bacteria to Biodegradable Microplastics in the Presence of Biofertilizers

Researchers studied how biodegradable microplastics interact with biofertilizers in crop soils and found that even though biodegradable plastics are designed as greener alternatives, they still significantly altered soil bacterial communities and disrupted carbon metabolism pathways. The findings suggest that biodegradable microplastics may affect soil health differently than conventional plastics, but are not necessarily harmless.

2024 Plants 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of nanopolystyrene addition on nitrogen fertilizer fate, gaseous loss of N from the soil, and soil microbial community composition

Researchers found that nanopolystyrene particles added to agricultural soil disrupted nitrogen cycling by altering microbial community composition and increasing gaseous nitrogen losses, potentially reducing fertilizer efficiency and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions in agroecosystems.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 35 citations