Papers

61,005 results
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Meta Analysis Tier 1

A meta-analysis of methodologies adopted by microplastic studies in China

Chinese microplastic studies predominantly found irregular-shaped particles smaller than 1 mm across sediment, water, and biota, but major methodological inconsistencies in sampling, extraction, identification, and reporting units make inter-study comparisons unreliable and highlight the urgent need for standardized protocols.

2019 The Science of The Total Environment 98 citations
Article Tier 2

Methods for Studying Microplastic Pollution in Natural Waters: Current State and Recommendations

This methodological review addresses the lack of standardization in how scientists sample, process, and report microplastic contamination in natural waters, which makes it nearly impossible to compare results across studies. It details quality assurance and quality control steps — especially important given how easily tiny plastic particles contaminate samples from the lab environment itself — and provides concrete recommendations for sampling protocols and data reporting. Harmonizing these methods is a critical step toward building a reliable global database of microplastic pollution.

2024 Journal of Oceanological Research 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Disparities in Methods Used to Determine Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment: A Review of Legislation, Sampling Process and Instrumental Analysis

This review examined the wide disparities in sampling, processing, and analytical methods used across microplastic studies, highlighting how inconsistent approaches make it difficult to compare results and calling for standardized international protocols and regulatory frameworks.

2021 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 45 citations
Article Tier 2

The assessment of microplastic and microfibres in freshwater systems through different sampling methods reveals causes of incomparability.

Researchers performed a literature mining study on microplastic abundance in freshwater systems, finding that large discrepancies between studies arise not only from inherent environmental variability but from methodological differences in sampling and analytical approaches, highlighting the urgent need for standardized protocols.

2025
Article Tier 2

Comparision protocols for extraction of microplastics in water samples

Researchers compared four different extraction protocols for isolating microplastics from water samples and found significant differences in efficiency and accuracy across methods. Standardized extraction protocols are critical for producing comparable microplastic abundance data across studies. Without consistent methodology, it is difficult to build a reliable global picture of microplastic contamination levels in water.

2023 Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic analysis—are we measuring the same? Results on the first global comparative study for microplastic analysis in a water sample

Researchers conducted the first international comparative study of analytical methods for microplastic analysis in a water sample and found that comparability between methods was highly limited, underscoring the urgent need for standardized protocols in microplastic research.

2019 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 112 citations
Article Tier 2

A critical review of microplastics characterisation in aquatic environments: recent trends in the last 10 years

This critical review assessed current approaches to characterizing microplastics in aquatic environments, evaluating sampling methods, extraction protocols, and analytical techniques. It identified persistent inconsistencies in methodology and recommended standardization practices to improve data comparability.

2024 Analytical Methods 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic pollution in Chinese bays: Sampling method comparisons, key drivers, and economic influence

Researchers compiled microplastic data from over 300 sampling stations across 13 bays in China and compared three different water sampling methods. They found that microplastic distribution was heterogeneous across bays and that sampling method significantly affected measured abundance, though not the types of polymers detected. The study also found a positive correlation between regional economic development and microplastic pollution levels, suggesting that human activity intensity is a key driver of coastal contamination.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Techniques for Collecting Micro Plastics in Freshwaters and Sediments

This review examined sampling methods used across 150 studies on microplastics in freshwater bodies and sediments, finding significant variation in sampling tools, mesh sizes, and analytical approaches that make it difficult to compare results across studies. Standardizing sampling and analysis protocols is one of the most pressing needs in microplastic research. Without comparable methods, it is difficult to assess the true extent of freshwater microplastic contamination globally.

2021 Journal of Marine Biology & Oceanography
Article Tier 2

Monitoring microplastics in drinking water: An interlaboratory study to inform effective methods for quantifying and characterizing microplastics

Researchers conducted an interlaboratory study with 22 labs from six countries to evaluate methods for quantifying microplastics in drinking water, finding significant variability between labs and identifying key areas for method standardization.

2022 Chemosphere 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Coverage of microplastic data underreporting and progress toward standardization

This study synthesizes factors contributing to microplastic data underreporting, revealing that inconsistent extraction and analysis methods across studies lead to considerable underestimation of actual microplastic concentrations in the environment.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 28 citations
Article Tier 2

The shifting baseline of microplastic measurement: A comparison of methodologies used in estuarine-based studies and guideline recommendations

Researchers reviewed the methods used in 175 estuarine microplastic studies conducted across 36 countries between 2013 and 2023, comparing them against current guideline recommendations. They found that while most studies used acceptable identification methods, fewer than half followed recommended practices for analytical reporting, and only 30% used adequate quality controls. The findings highlight a significant consistency problem in microplastic research that makes it difficult to compare results across studies.

2025 Journal of Environmental Management 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Does microplastic analysis method affect our understanding of microplastics in the environment?

A comparison of two widely used laboratory methods for measuring microplastics in Danube River water found that the choice of analytical substrate — zinc selenide windows versus Anodisc filters — had a larger effect on results than differences between labs or instruments, because particles clump on filters and instrument artifacts appear around particles on ZnSe windows. The variability between individual water subsamples was also greater than the difference between methods. These findings highlight that inconsistent methodological choices make it difficult to compare microplastic abundance data across studies, and call for greater standardization.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic degradation in aquatic environments: a review of challenges and the need for standardized experimental approaches

This review analyzed over 100 studies on how plastics degrade in aquatic environments and found that experimental approaches vary widely, making it difficult to compare results across research groups. Researchers identified key inconsistencies in how degradation conditions, measurement techniques, and reporting standards are applied. The study calls for standardized experimental protocols so the scientific community can more reliably predict how plastic waste breaks down into microplastics in real-world water systems.

2025 Frontiers in Environmental Science 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Quantitative assessment of visual microscopy as a tool for microplastic research: Recommendations for improving methods and reporting

Researchers conducted a multi-laboratory study across six countries to assess how accurately visual microscopy identifies microplastics in water samples. They found significant variability between laboratories in particle counts, size measurements, and material identification, with accuracy declining for smaller and transparent particles. The study recommends improved standardization and quality control measures to make microscopy a more reliable tool in microplastic research.

2022 Chemosphere 80 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics are overestimated due to poor quality control of reagents

This study demonstrated that inadequate quality control of chemical reagents used in microplastic analysis can introduce contamination that leads to systematic overestimation of microplastic concentrations in environmental samples, highlighting a critical methodological flaw in the field.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 29 citations
Article Tier 2

Methodological similarities and discrepancies among studies on microplastics in South American continental aquatic environments

Researchers conducted a systematic review of 57 studies on microplastic pollution in South American continental aquatic environments, identifying significant methodological discrepancies in sampling, detection limits, and sample preparation that limit cross-study comparability and proposing standardization approaches.

2025 Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
Article Tier 2

Not all microplastics are created equal. Quantifying efficacy bias and validation of density separation methods

Researchers systematically evaluated density separation methods used to extract microplastics from environmental matrices (water, soil, sediment), investigating whether efficacy varies by polymer density and identifying potential sources of bias in current approaches. The study highlighted risks from lack of methodological standardisation and called for detailed reporting to improve reproducibility across microplastics research.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Micro-Nano Plastic in the Aquatic Environment: Methodological Problems and Challenges

This critical review examines methodological inconsistencies in microplastic research, arguing that many studies conflate correlation with causation and that contamination controls and size detection limits are often inadequate. The authors call for more rigorous experimental design before concluding that microplastics are definitively harmful vectors for co-occurring contaminants.

2022 Animals 41 citations
Article Tier 2

Advancing the quality of environmental microplastic research

This review examines the rapidly growing field of environmental microplastic research, discussing the methodological inconsistencies that limit comparability across studies and calling for improved quality standards to support robust regulatory and scientific conclusions.

2017 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 167 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of methods for measuring microplastics in aquatic environments

This review critically evaluates methods used to measure microplastics in aquatic environments, covering sampling design, sample processing, and spectroscopic identification, and identifies the most significant sources of methodological variation. Standardizing these methods is essential for generating comparable data across studies and enabling robust environmental risk assessment.

2018 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 361 citations
Article Tier 2

Methods for sampling, processing, identification,and quantification of microplastics in the marine environment

This paper reviews and compares the various methods used to collect, process, identify, and quantify microplastics across different environmental samples. It highlights the lack of standardized protocols as a major obstacle to comparing results across studies and calls for methodological harmonization.

2020 Oceanography in Japan 12 citations
Meta Analysis Tier 1

What You Net Depends on if You Grab: A Meta-analysis of Sampling Method’s Impact on Measured Aquatic Microplastic Concentration

This meta-analysis of 121 studies finds that the method used to collect water samples significantly affects how much microplastic pollution is measured. Net, pump, and grab sampling methods produce systematically different concentration readings, meaning past estimates of microplastic levels in drinking water sources may be inaccurate depending on how they were collected.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 36 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Microplastics in sediments: A systematic review structured through reproducible analytical pipelines

This systematic review of 37 studies finds that microplastic research in sediments suffers from major differences in how samples are collected and analyzed. Without standardized methods, it is difficult to compare contamination levels across locations, which limits our ability to assess how much microplastic in soil and waterbed sediments might affect ecosystems and human health.

2026 Chemosphere