Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Aquatic toxicity of tire microplastics on marine and freshwater organisms: An in silico approach

Researchers used computational methods including molecular docking and dynamics simulations to assess tire microplastic toxicity in marine and freshwater organisms, identifying specific tire additives and their molecular-level interactions with biological targets in zebrafish.

2022 Chemosphere 27 citations
Article Tier 2

Exploring the Potential Hormonal Effects of Tire Polymers (TPs) on Different Species Based on a Theoretical Computational Approach

Researchers used molecular dynamics simulations to explore the potential hormonal toxicity of tire polymers across marine, freshwater, and soil environments, finding differences in how these prevalent microplastics interact with biological receptors in different species.

2023 Polymers 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber: Past, present and future considerations

This review synthesizes what is known about the ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber particles, which are increasingly identified as a significant fraction of environmental microplastics, examining their effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The authors note that tire rubber contains a complex mixture of chemical additives that may drive toxicity beyond the physical effects of the particles themselves.

2019 The Science of The Total Environment 185 citations
Article Tier 2

Behind conventional (micro)plastics: An ecotoxicological characterization of aqueous suspensions from End-of-Life Tire particles

Researchers studied the toxic effects of ground-up end-of-life tire particles on zebrafish larvae and found that finer tire powder was more harmful than coarser granules. The smaller particles released chemicals into the water that altered over 100 proteins involved in metabolic processes. The study suggests that recycled tire materials leach toxic substances that could pose risks to aquatic organisms.

2024 Aquatic Toxicology 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire wear particles in different water environments: occurrence, behavior, and biological effects—a review and perspectives

This review examines tire wear particles, a major but often overlooked source of microplastics in water environments. Tire particles release toxic chemicals as they break down in water and can harm aquatic organisms, but most research has focused only on the chemical leachate rather than the particles themselves. Since tire wear contributes a large share of total microplastic pollution, understanding its full impact on water ecosystems and the food chain is important for human health.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity of micro and nano tire particles and leachate for model freshwater organisms

Researchers tested the toxicity of micro- and nano-sized tire particles and their chemical leachates on zebrafish embryos and water fleas, two commonly used model organisms. They found that nano-sized tire particles were more toxic than micro-sized ones, and that the chemical leachate alone also caused significant developmental harm to zebrafish. The study demonstrates that tire debris poses a meaningful environmental risk to freshwater organisms through both direct particle exposure and the release of harmful chemicals.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity evaluation of microplastics to aquatic organisms through molecular simulations and fractional factorial designs

Researchers used molecular docking, molecular dynamics, and fractional factorial design to evaluate the toxicity of ten common microplastic types to zebrafish, identifying polystyrene and polyvinylchloride as the most toxic based on binding interactions with key biological proteins.

2022 Chemosphere 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Brand-Specific Toxicity of Tire Tread Particles Helps Identify the Determinants of Toxicity.

Researchers systematically evaluated the toxicity of tire tread particles (TPs) from different brands on soil model species at environmentally relevant concentrations, identifying specific chemical determinants responsible for varying degrees of soil fauna toxicity across brands.

2023 Environmental science & technology
Article Tier 2

Toxicity inhibition strategy of microplastics to aquatic organisms through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation and molecular modification

Researchers used molecular docking and dynamics simulations to study the combined toxic effects of microplastics and their chemical additives on zebrafish receptor proteins. They found that different microplastic-additive combinations produced widely varying toxicity levels, and identified hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic interactions as the main drivers of protein binding. The study proposes a computational framework for screening lower-toxicity plasticizer formulations and designing more environmentally friendly plastic materials.

2021 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 54 citations
Review Tier 2

Risk assessment of tire wear in the environment – a literature review

This review assesses the environmental risks of tire wear emissions, which release microplastic-like particles containing polymers and potentially toxic chemicals into water and soil. While initial risk estimates suggest low risk from the particulate emissions themselves, the chemicals that leach from tire particles remain poorly characterized. The findings are relevant to human health because tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastic pollution, and the leached chemicals may enter drinking water.

2025 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 5 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Tire wear particles in aquatic environments: A systematic review of sources, detection, distribution, and toxicological impacts

This systematic review examined tire wear particles — a type of microplastic created as tires wear down on roads — as an emerging water pollutant. These particles wash into rivers and oceans through stormwater runoff and contain toxic chemicals that harm aquatic organisms. Since tire wear is one of the largest sources of microplastic pollution, this is relevant to anyone living near roads or consuming seafood.

2025 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment - A review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and effects

Researchers reviewed available science on tire wear particles (TWP) — tiny fragments shed from tires during driving — finding that Europe alone generates over 1.3 million tonnes per year, but critical data on environmental concentrations, transport to waterways, and aquatic toxicity remain too limited for robust ecological risk assessment.

2018 Water Research 944 citations
Article Tier 2

A study on the aquatic degradation of tire wear particles: Impact of environmental factors and material formulations

This study investigated how tire wear particles degrade in aquatic environments, examining the effects of environmental factors such as UV exposure and water chemistry on particle breakdown. The results showed that aquatic degradation alters tire wear particles in ways that may increase their ecotoxicological risk.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Environmental risks of car tire microplastic particles and other road runoff pollutants

Researchers conducted the first comprehensive environmental risk assessment of tire wear microplastic particles and their associated chemical pollutants in European road runoff. They found that tire wear particles and several related chemicals pose measurable risks to organisms in surface water and sediment. The study suggests that tire wear is a significant but often overlooked source of microplastic pollution with real consequences for aquatic ecosystems.

2021 Microplastics and Nanoplastics 133 citations
Article Tier 2

Dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis of rubber release from tires into the environment

A dynamic material flow analysis model estimated the annual and cumulative release of rubber from vehicle tires into the environment via road wear, finding that tire rubber represents a substantial fraction of total microplastic pollution in terrestrial and aquatic systems. The study helps quantify this important but often overlooked microplastic source.

2019 Environmental Pollution 184 citations
Article Tier 2

Acute toxicity of tire wear particles and leachate to Daphnia magna

Researchers tested the acute toxicity of tire wear particles and their chemical leachates on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna. They found that zinc and pyrene were the most abundant contaminants in the leachate, and that both the particles and their leachates caused significant immobilization and mortality. The study indicates that tire wear particles, increasingly recognized as a form of microplastic pollution, pose a real threat to freshwater aquatic life.

2023 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Deep dive into the chronic toxicity of tyre particle mixtures and their leachates

Researchers tested the toxicity of tire tread microparticles — shed from vehicle tires at roughly 1.4 kg per car per year — on water fleas (Daphnia magna) over 21 days and found the particles were nearly 10 times more toxic than chemical leachates from the same tires alone. Chemical analysis identified zinc, titanium, and 54 organic compounds shared across five major tire brands, with many classified as very toxic to aquatic life.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 34 citations
Article Tier 2

Priorities to inform research on tire particles and their chemical leachates: A collective perspective.

An international interdisciplinary network of researchers identified priority research areas for understanding the ecological impacts of tire particles and their chemical leachates — a rapidly growing area of concern given that tire wear particles are one of the largest sources of microplastics in urban runoff. The priorities span toxicology, exposure assessment, and regulatory relevance.

2024 Environmental research
Article Tier 2

Environmentally relevant concentrations of tyre particles cause toxicity in estuarine invertebrates

Researchers exposed estuarine organisms to environmentally relevant concentrations of tire particles and measured toxicity endpoints including survival, reproduction, and behavior. Tire particles caused significant adverse effects at concentrations already found in some urban estuaries, suggesting current environmental levels pose ecological risks.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Environmentally relevant concentrations of tyre particles cause toxicity in estuarine invertebrates

Researchers tested the toxicity of tire particles at environmentally relevant concentrations on estuarine species, finding that current environmental levels are sufficient to cause harm. The study identified the most sensitive species and life stages and highlighted tire particles as a priority microplastic source for regulatory attention.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Weathering of a micro and nanosized tire particle mixture increases ingestion and growth inhibition in larval fish and juvenile mysid shrimp

Researchers investigated how environmental weathering changes the toxicity of tire particle mixtures to larval fish and juvenile mysid shrimp. The study found that weathered tire particles were more readily ingested and caused greater growth inhibition compared to pristine particles, suggesting that aging in the environment makes tire-derived microplastics more harmful to marine organisms.

2026 Environmental Pollution
Article Tier 2

The Influence of Microplastics from Ground Tyres on the Acute, Subchronical Toxicity and Microbial Respiration of Soil

Researchers assessed the toxicity of ground tire microplastics on soil organisms and microbial respiration, finding subchronic phytotoxicity effects that highlight the environmental risks posed by tire wear particles accumulating in soils.

2021 Environments 25 citations
Article Tier 2

Experimental and computational hazard prediction associated with reuse of recycled car tire material

Researchers found that recycled car tire microparticles leach hazardous chemicals — including phthalates, benzene, and benzothiazole — into water, with leaching rates influenced by pH, temperature, particle size, and incubation time, raising environmental concerns about using tire waste in civil engineering applications.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 21 citations
Article Tier 2

Cocktail effects of tire wear particles leachates on diverse biological models: A multilevel analysis

Tire wear particles, a major but underappreciated source of microplastic pollution, leached chemicals into seawater that inhibited algae growth, caused developmental problems in zebrafish embryos, and showed hormone-disrupting effects in cell tests. The study found that water-soluble organic compounds from tires -- not just heavy metals like zinc -- were the primary drivers of toxicity, underscoring the need for better regulation of tire additives.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 25 citations