Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Soil and Sediment Organisms as Bioindicators of Pollution

This review examines how soil organisms like earthworms, insects, and microbes can serve as living indicators of pollution, including contamination from microplastics and heavy metals. Changes in these organisms' behavior, reproduction, or survival can reveal pollution levels that chemical tests alone might miss. The approach is relevant to microplastic research because it provides practical tools for assessing how microplastic contamination in soil affects the ecosystems that support agriculture and food production.

2024 Ecologies 10 citations
Article Tier 2

A review on effective soil health bio-indicators for ecosystem restoration and sustainability

This review examines biological indicators that scientists use to measure soil health, including microbial diversity, enzyme activity, and earthworm populations. Healthy soil ecosystems depend on these biological components, which can be disrupted by pollutants including microplastics. The review is relevant because bio-indicators could serve as early warning tools for detecting the impact of microplastic contamination on agricultural soil quality.

2022 Frontiers in Microbiology 210 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms As An Emerging Biotechnological Intervention in the Mitigation of Microplastics

This review explores the emerging role of earthworms as biological agents for degrading microplastics in soil environments. Researchers found that earthworm gut microflora and mucous secretions actively contribute to breaking down plastic polymers through enzymatic depolymerization. The study suggests that earthworm-mediated biodegradation could be a promising biotechnological approach for mitigating microplastic contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.

2024 Egyptian Journal of Soil Science 3 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

Bioindicators of the impacts by microplastics in soil: A Systematic Review : a systematic review

This systematic review identifies organisms that can serve as bioindicators — living warning signs — for microplastic contamination in soil. Certain earthworms, springtails, and other soil creatures show measurable changes when exposed to microplastics, making them useful tools for monitoring pollution levels. Using these natural indicators could help farmers and environmental managers detect microplastic problems before they worsen.

2024
Article Tier 2

Microplastic-Earthworm Interactions: A Critical Review

This critical review examines how microplastics from diverse plastic waste categories accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and interact with earthworms, a key soil organism. The authors synthesize evidence on the deleterious effects of increasing microplastic concentrations on soil properties, microbiota, and earthworm physiology.

2024 International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Agricultural Soil: Fate, Impacts, and Bioremediation by Earthworms

This review examines how microplastics accumulate in agricultural soils and the role earthworms may play in breaking them down. Researchers found that microplastics can harm soil health by disrupting microbial communities, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability, but that earthworms can enhance microplastic degradation through their digestive processes and the microorganisms in their gut. The study suggests that earthworm-based bioremediation could be a practical strategy for reducing microplastic contamination in farmland.

2025 Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2 citations
Article Tier 2

The effects of high-density polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics on the soil and earthworm Metaphire guillelmi gut microbiota

Researchers exposed earthworms to soil amended with high-density polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics for 28 days and examined changes in both the earthworm gut and soil microbial communities. They found that both types of microplastics significantly altered the composition and diversity of gut bacteria in the earthworms. The study suggests that microplastic contamination in soil can disrupt the gut microbiota of soil organisms, with potential consequences for soil ecosystem health.

2020 Chemosphere 142 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms alleviate microplastics stress on soil microbial and protist communities

Researchers found that earthworms can help alleviate the negative effects of microplastic pollution on soil microbial and protist communities. In microcosm experiments, soils with earthworms showed more resilient bacterial, fungal, and protist communities when exposed to both conventional and biodegradable microplastics. The study suggests that soil macrofauna play an important role in buffering ecosystems against the disruptive effects of microplastic contamination.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms Significantly Alter the Composition, Diversity, Abundance and Pathogen Load of Fungal Communities in Sewage Sludge from Different Urban Wastewater Treatment Plants

Earthworms exposed to microplastic-contaminated soil were found to significantly alter the composition, diversity, and abundance of potentially pathogenic soil bacteria, suggesting that earthworm bioturbation in MP-contaminated soils may have unintended effects on soil microbiome health.

2025 Pathogens 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Motion: How Earthworm Guts Become Microbial Gateways through Plastic Surface Dynamics

This study tracked how microplastics move through earthworm digestive systems and found that the gut environment alters the microbial communities colonizing plastic surfaces, potentially transforming earthworms into vectors that spread plastic-associated microbes through soil ecosystems.

2025 Environmental Science & Technology 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Current Research Trends on the Effects of Microplastics in Soil Environment Using Earthworms: Mini-Review

This mini-review summarizes current research on how microplastics affect earthworms in soil environments, covering effects on growth, reproduction, gut microbiota, and soil physicochemical properties.

2021 Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms Exposed to Polyethylene and Biodegradable Microplastics in Soil: Microplastic Characterization and Microbial Community Analysis

Researchers exposed earthworms to biodegradable and conventional polyethylene microplastics in natural soil and found that worms ingested both types. The biodegradable plastic showed signs of partial breakdown in the earthworm gut, while conventional polyethylene remained unchanged. Although microplastics did not significantly alter the soil or gut microbiome in this study, the results confirm that earthworms transport microplastics through soil ecosystems.

2023 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review

This review examines the current state of research on plastic pollution in soil ecosystems, an area that has received far less attention than marine plastic contamination. Researchers found that agricultural practices, sewage sludge application, and plastic mulch use are major sources of soil microplastic pollution, with earthworms being the most commonly studied organisms for assessing ecological impacts. The study calls for more research into how microplastics affect soil biodiversity, nutrient cycling, and long-term soil health.

2018 Environmental Pollution 1096 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

A Systematic Review on Earthworms in Soil Bioremediation

This systematic review found that earthworm-based bioremediation (vermiremediation), alone or combined with phytoremediation and bioaugmentation, effectively reduces soil contamination from heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. The research is relevant to microplastics because earthworms interact extensively with soil microplastics, potentially fragmenting them further while also being harmed by plastic particle ingestion.

2023 Applied Sciences 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Decay of low-density polyethylene by bacteria extracted from earthworm's guts: A potential for soil restoration

Researchers isolated bacteria from earthworm guts that were able to degrade low-density polyethylene, demonstrating that intestinal microbes from soil invertebrates may play a role in plastic breakdown. The findings suggest that earthworm gut microbiomes are a reservoir of plastic-degrading bacteria with potential applications for bioremediation of LDPE-contaminated soils.

2017 The Science of The Total Environment 436 citations
Article Tier 2

Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review

This review examined plastic pollution in soil ecosystems, covering sources including sewage sludge, plastic mulch, and stormwater runoff, and the effects on soil structure, microbial communities, and earthworms. Microplastics in soil are a growing concern because farmland soils represent a major global reservoir of environmental plastic contamination.

2021 South Asian Journal of Marketing & Management Research 2 citations
Article Tier 2

The soil nematode exposome: Unraveling the impacts of particulate plastics from agroecosystems to one health

Researchers propose using soil nematodes — tiny worms that are sensitive indicators of soil health — as biological sentinels for microplastic pollution, arguing that their conserved molecular pathways and ecological roles make them ideal for an integrated risk framework that connects plastic contamination in soil to broader human health outcomes.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment
Article Tier 2

Microbial metabolism in wormcast affected the perturbation on soil organic matter by microplastics under decabromodiphenyl ethane stress

Researchers examined how microplastics combined with a brominated flame retardant affect soil health through earthworm activity. They found that microplastics altered the microbial communities in earthworm castings, which in turn changed how soil organic matter was processed. The study suggests that co-pollution from microplastics and flame retardants can disrupt important soil ecosystem functions that depend on earthworm-microbe interactions.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics exert minor influence on bacterial community succession during the aging of earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) casts

Researchers exposed earthworms to three types of microplastics commonly used in agricultural films and found that while microplastics altered some soil chemistry during gut passage, they had only minor effects on the overall bacterial communities in earthworm castings over 180 days. This suggests that earthworm gut microbiomes may be resilient enough to buffer the impact of agricultural microplastic contamination under the conditions tested.

2024 Soil Biology and Biochemistry 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of microplastic pollution on the gut microbiome of anecic and endogeic earthworms

Researchers investigated how low-density polyethylene microplastic pollution affects the gut microbiome of two types of earthworms with different burrowing lifestyles. They found that microplastics altered the relative abundance of several bacterial groups in both species, with deeper-burrowing anecic earthworms showing more pronounced effects and reduced survival. The study suggests that microplastic contamination in soil may disrupt the gut microbial communities of earthworms, with impacts varying by species and ecological behavior.

2024 FEMS Microbiology Letters 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Adverse effects of microplastics on earthworms: A critical review

This critical review of 65 publications summarized the adverse effects of microplastics on earthworms, finding impacts on growth, behavior, oxidative stress, gene expression, and gut microbiota, with particle size, concentration, and co-occurring pollutants influencing toxicity outcomes.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 111 citations
Article Tier 2

Accumulation of microplastics and Tcep pollutants in agricultural soil: Exploring the links between metabolites and gut microbiota in earthworm homeostasis

Researchers investigated the co-occurrence of polyethylene microplastics and the flame retardant TCEP in agricultural soils and their combined effects on earthworm health. The study found that co-exposure disrupted earthworm gut microbiota and metabolic homeostasis, suggesting that the interaction between microplastics and chemical additives in agricultural soil may pose greater ecological risks than either contaminant alone.

2022 Environment International 59 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecological adaptation of earthworms for coping with plant polyphenols, heavy metals, and microplastics in the soil: A review

This review examines how earthworms cope with and help remediate soil pollutants including heavy metals, microplastics, and plant polyphenols. Researchers describe how earthworms use specialized gut metabolites and elevated antioxidant enzyme activity to neutralize toxic compounds, and can serve as biofilters that accumulate and transform these pollutants. The findings support the wider use of earthworm-based bioremediation as a strategy for restoring contaminated soils.

2023 Heliyon 47 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworm-Microplastic Interactions: Revealing the Feasibility and Obstacles of Utilizing Earthworms to Maintain the Health of Microplastic-Contaminated Soils

Scientists reviewed existing research and found that earthworms might help clean up tiny plastic pieces (called microplastics) in farm soil by breaking them down in their stomachs and through helpful bacteria in their guts. This matters because microplastics in soil can harm the food we grow, but using earthworms as natural cleaners faces major challenges and needs much more research before it could actually work on farms. The earthworm method shows promise but isn't ready to solve our plastic pollution problem yet.

2026 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry