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Adverse effects of microplastics on earthworms: A critical review
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This critical review of 65 publications summarized the adverse effects of microplastics on earthworms, finding impacts on growth, behavior, oxidative stress, gene expression, and gut microbiota, with particle size, concentration, and co-occurring pollutants influencing toxicity outcomes.
Microplastics are widely distributed in terrestrial environments and have been known to adversely affect earthworms. Based on 65 publications, we summarized the effects of microplastics on the growth, behavior, oxidative responses, gene expression, and gut microbiota of earthworms. Since microplastics are often present simultaneously with other pollutants, especially heavy metals and hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs), the interactions and combined effects of microplastics and these pollutants on earthworms have also been discussed. It has been shown that earthworms can selectively ingest microplastics, preferring to those with smaller particle size (especially smaller than 50 μm) and biodegradable compositions. Generally, microplastics with higher concentrations (especially those > 0.5%, w/w) and smaller sizes (e.g., 100 nm) have greater adverse effects on earthworms. Additionally, microplastics can facilitate the accumulation of heavy metals and organic pollutants by earthworms and pose severer damages. Current knowledge gaps and perspectives for future work are pointed out.
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This mini-review summarizes current research on how microplastics affect earthworms in soil environments, covering effects on growth, reproduction, gut microbiota, and soil physicochemical properties.
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A large analysis of over 100 studies found that both regular plastic pollution and "biodegradable" plastics harm earthworms, shrinking their survival, growth, and gut bacteria, while causing cell damage from oxidative stress. The key takeaway: switching to biodegradable plastics doesn't actually protect these important soil creatures, so it's not a guilt-free fix. Since earthworms keep soil healthy for growing our food, this matters for the whole food chain, including us, and it's a reminder that "biodegradable" labels don't always mean "harmless."
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.