Papers

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Article Tier 2

Insight into response characteristics and inhibition mechanisms of anammox granular sludge to polyethylene terephthalate microplastics exposure

This study tested how PET microplastics affect the anammox process, a key biological method used in wastewater treatment to remove nitrogen. At higher concentrations, PET particles reduced treatment efficiency by about 16% and weakened the structure of the bacterial granules that perform the process. The findings matter because microplastics in sewage could impair the very systems designed to clean our wastewater.

2023 Bioresource Technology 32 citations
Article Tier 2

Deciphering anammox response characteristics and potential mechanisms to polyethylene terephthalate microplastic exposure

This study tested how PET microplastics affect the bacteria used in wastewater treatment for removing nitrogen pollutants. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PET microplastics reduced the nitrogen removal efficiency by nearly 29%, though the system partially recovered over three months. The findings matter because compromised wastewater treatment means more pollutants could end up in waterways that supply drinking water.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 11 citations
Article Tier 2

Insights into the microbial response of anaerobic granular sludge during long-term exposure to polyethylene terephthalate microplastics

Researchers investigated how polyethylene terephthalate microplastics affect anaerobic granular sludge used in wastewater treatment over 84 days. The study found that at relatively low concentrations, PET microplastics had minimal impact, but at higher concentrations they disrupted the microbial community structure and reduced the efficiency of the anaerobic treatment process.

2020 Water Research 182 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of Microplastics on Nitrogen Removal Performance of Enriched Anammox Cultures

Researchers tested whether polyethylene and polypropylene microplastics affect anammox, a key biological nitrogen removal process used in wastewater treatment. They found that the physical particles themselves did not significantly inhibit the process, but chemical compounds leaching from the plastics, particularly the plasticizer dibutyl phthalate, caused temporary inhibition. Systems using granular or attached biomass structures showed better resilience to these chemical effects than suspended growth systems.

2026 Water
Article Tier 2

Smaller sizes of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics mainly stimulate heterotrophic N2O production in aerobic granular sludge systems

Researchers found that smaller PET microplastics (0.1 mm) more significantly stimulated nitrous oxide production in aerobic granular sludge wastewater treatment systems compared to larger particles. The smaller particles inhibited denitrifying metabolism and reduced the activity of enzymes responsible for consuming nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. The study suggests that microplastic contamination in wastewater treatment plants could undermine efforts toward carbon neutrality by increasing greenhouse gas emissions.

2024 Water Research X 14 citations
Article Tier 2

[Change in Granulation Potential and Microbial Enrichment Characteristics of Sludge Induced by Microplastics].

This study found that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics accelerate the formation of granular sludge in wastewater treatment plants by increasing sticky protein secretions, but continuous exposure ultimately degrades treatment performance and disrupts the microbial communities responsible for removing nitrogen. This matters because it suggests microplastics entering sewage systems could compromise the efficiency of the very facilities designed to filter them out.

2023 PubMed
Article Tier 2

Impacts of Microplastics on Anammox Systems: A Comprehensive Review of Mechanisms and Influences

This review examines how microplastics affect anammox wastewater treatment systems, which are used for biological nitrogen removal. The study found that low concentrations of microplastics can actually enhance system performance by acting as biofilm carriers, while high concentrations inhibit the process through physical clogging, toxic effects, and oxidative stress.

2026 Public health and environment.
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in granular sequencing batch reactors: Effects on pollutant removal dynamics and the microbial community

Researchers investigated how polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate microplastics affect pollutant removal in granular sludge wastewater treatment reactors. They found that microplastic type and concentration influenced nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic compound removal rates, with PET particles showing a stronger tendency to accumulate within the biomass. The study indicates that microplastic contamination in wastewater treatment systems may compromise treatment efficiency and alter microbial community dynamics.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Unveiling the plastisphere in anammox process: Physicochemical evolution of microplastics and microbial succession dynamics

Researchers tracked how polyethylene terephthalate microplastics change physically and chemically over 30 days in an anaerobic wastewater treatment system. They found that while the microplastics had minimal impact on nitrogen removal efficiency, they developed distinct microbial communities on their surfaces that evolved over time. The study provides new insights into how microplastics interact with beneficial microbes in wastewater treatment processes.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 3 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of microplastics on anammox: Influences and mechanisms

This review summarizes how microplastics affect anammox, a key biological process used in wastewater treatment to remove nitrogen. Microplastics disrupt the microbial communities that perform this process, reducing treatment efficiency depending on plastic concentration, size, and type. Since wastewater treatment is a critical barrier preventing pollutants from reaching drinking water sources, any reduction in treatment performance could increase human exposure to contaminants.

2024 Journal of Environmental Management 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on Aerobic Granular Sludge Structure and EPS Composition in Wastewater Treatment

Researchers investigated how PET microplastics affect the structure and function of aerobic granular sludge used in wastewater treatment. Higher microplastic concentrations led to changes in granule size, altered the composition of extracellular polymeric substances, and shifted microbial community structure. The findings suggest that microplastic contamination in wastewater could compromise the stability and efficiency of biological treatment processes.

2025 Water 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of polyethylene microplastics on the nitrogen removal and bacterial community in sequencing batch reactor at different hydraulic retention times

Researchers examined how polyethylene microplastics affect nitrogen removal performance in biological wastewater treatment at different hydraulic retention times. The study found that the presence of microplastics amplified the negative effects of shortened treatment times on nitrogen removal efficiency and altered bacterial communities and enzyme levels involved in nitrification and denitrification, offering new insights into how microplastics interfere with wastewater treatment processes.

2025 Journal of Environmental Management 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of phenolic-formaldehyde resin microplastics on anaerobic granular sludge: EPS interaction mechanisms and impacts on reactor performance

Researchers studied how microplastics made from phenolic-formaldehyde resin affect wastewater treatment systems that use anaerobic granular sludge. They found that smaller microplastic particles provided new surfaces for bacteria to grow on, initially boosting treatment performance, but over time the increased microbial activity weakened the structure of the sludge granules. The study reveals a trade-off where microplastics can temporarily improve wastewater processing while ultimately destabilizing the treatment system.

2024 Journal of Hazardous Materials 26 citations
Article Tier 2

The entering of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics into biological wastewater treatment system affects aerobic sludge digestion differently from their direct entering into sludge treatment system

Researchers found that PET microplastics entering a biological wastewater treatment system before the sludge treatment stage affected aerobic sludge digestion differently than microplastics added directly to the sludge, highlighting that the treatment pathway determines the nature of microplastic impacts on sludge processing systems.

2020 Water Research 84 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of Nano–Sized Polyethylene Terephthalate on Microalgal–Bacterial Granular Sludge in Non–Aerated Wastewater Treatment

This study found that nano-sized PET microplastics at concentrations up to 30 mg/L had little impact on a microalgal-bacterial wastewater treatment system, but at 50 mg/L began degrading performance after two weeks by suppressing algal growth and disrupting energy metabolism in the microbial community. The granular sludge responded by producing extracellular polymers that adsorbed the nanoplastics, acting as a partial defense mechanism. These findings suggest that current nanoplastic contamination levels in municipal wastewater are unlikely to severely compromise this emerging treatment technology, but higher concentrations could be problematic.

2023 Water 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Response of aerobic granular sludge under polyethylene microplastics stress: Physicochemical properties, decontamination performance, and microbial community

Researchers investigated the impact of polyethylene microplastics on aerobic granular sludge used in wastewater treatment. The study found that microplastics significantly disrupted sludge structure, settling properties, and enzyme activities related to denitrification and phosphorus removal, with increased reactive oxygen species and cell membrane damage at higher concentrations.

2022 Journal of Environmental Management 79 citations
Article Tier 2

Performance and bacterial community profiles of sequencing batch reactors during long-term exposure to polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene microplastics

Researchers examined how PET and polyethylene microplastics affect wastewater treatment in sequencing batch reactors, finding that microplastics alone did not significantly impair treatment performance but did alter bacterial community composition over long-term exposure.

2021 Bioresource Technology 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Exposure to polyamide 66 microplastic leads to effects performance and microbial community structure of aerobic granular sludge

Polyamide 66 microplastics were introduced into aerobic granular sludge bioreactors at varying concentrations, initially reducing contaminant removal efficiency but recovering to near-control levels by the end of the experiment. The study shows that while microplastics transiently disrupt biological wastewater treatment, the microbial community can adapt over time.

2019 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 101 citations
Article Tier 2

Response mechanism of non-biodegradable polyethylene terephthalate microplastics and biodegradable polylactic acid microplastics to nitrogen removal in activated sludge system

Researchers compared how non-biodegradable PET and biodegradable PLA microplastics affect nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment systems. Surprisingly, the biodegradable PLA caused a much larger reduction in ammonia removal efficiency than the conventional PET plastic. The study suggests that even biodegradable plastics can significantly disrupt the microbial processes that wastewater treatment plants rely on to clean water.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 24 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of exposure to polyether sulfone microplastic on the nitrifying process and microbial community structure in aerobic granular sludge

Scientists added polyether sulfone microplastics to aerobic granular sludge bioreactors at different concentrations and found only minor effects on ammonia removal but an increase in total nitrogen removal efficiency of 5.6%, along with shifts in nitrifying microbial community structure.

2020 Bioresource Technology 110 citations
Article Tier 2

Enhanced performance and electron transfer of sulfur-mediated biological process under polyethylene terephthalate microplastics exposure

Researchers investigated how polyethylene terephthalate microplastics affect sulfur-based wastewater treatment processes. The study found that low concentrations of PET microplastics actually improved treatment efficiency by stimulating microbial metabolic activity and enhancing electron transfer, though transformation products from the PET degradation were also detected in the system.

2022 Water Research 52 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect evaluation of microplastics on activated sludge nitrification and denitrification

Researchers found that microplastics entering wastewater treatment plants interfere with the nitrification and denitrification processes carried out by activated sludge microbes, potentially reducing the effectiveness of nutrient removal in sewage treatment. This effect could undermine water quality if microplastic loads in wastewater continue to increase.

2019 The Science of The Total Environment 172 citations
Article Tier 2

Insight into effect of polyethylene microplastic on nitrogen removal in moving bed biofilm reactor: Focusing on microbial community and species interactions

Researchers studied how polyethylene microplastics affect nitrogen removal in wastewater treatment bioreactors and found that low concentrations slightly improved the process, while higher concentrations disrupted it. The microplastics changed the microbial communities responsible for breaking down nitrogen in wastewater. This matters because less effective wastewater treatment means more nitrogen pollution in waterways, and microplastics entering treatment plants could reduce their ability to clean water effectively.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Do Microplastics Affect Biological Wastewater Treatment Performance? Implications from Bacterial Activity Experiments

Researchers tested the effects of polyester, polyethylene, and polyvinylchloride microplastics at concentrations of 50-10,000 particles/L on the activities of key wastewater treatment bacteria, finding no statistically significant differences in the activity of ammonium-oxidising bacteria, nitrite-oxidising bacteria, denitrifiers, or polyphosphate-accumulating organisms. The study concludes that microplastics at tested concentrations do not meaningfully impair biological wastewater treatment performance.

2019 ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 80 citations