Microplastics and Their Effect on Neuroglia: A Narrative Review

Over the past seven decades, the use of microplastics (MPs) has become widespread due to their low cost, accessibility, and ease of transport. Several studies have indicated that exposure to these particles, through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, can facilitate their entry into various types of human cells. MPs have been detected in blood, feces, placenta, and other tissues, generating increasing interest in understanding their potential presence and effects in the human brain, particularly in neuroglial cells. In the current context, where neurodegenerative diseases affect a significant proportion of the global population, a comprehensive review of the available literature on MPs was conducted using in vivo animal models and in vitro cell cultures to analyze their effects on glial cells. The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the terms “microplastics” and “neuroglia,” identifying 18 relevant studies. The findings suggest that the entry of MPs into the nervous system occurs primarily in the form of nanoplastics (NPs), which activate microglia and induce the release of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). This inflammatory response triggers neuronal dysfunction and disrupt cerebral homeostasis, potentially contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Further research into the pathogenesis of MPs in neuroglia is essential to protect neural function, develop therapeutic strategies, and ultimately improve individuals’ quality of life.